Compounds for the treatment of proliferative disorders

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compounds of structural formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof, wherein R a , R b , and R 2  are defined herein. These compounds inhibit tubulin polymerization and/or target vasculature and are useful for treating proliferative disorders, such as cancer.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/601,590, filed on Nov. 17, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/738,340, filed on Nov. 18, 2005. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to biologically active chemical compounds, namely isothiazole derivatives that may be used for treating or preventing proliferative disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many chemotherapeutic methods are now available to be used in the treatment of cancer. One of the most successful methods is the use of anti-mitotic agents which interfere with the assembly or disassembly of microtubules. Since microtubule assemble and disassemble is necessary for mitosis, inhibition of either the assembly or disassembly of microtubules interferes with cell proliferation. Thus, compounds that inhibit the assembly of microtubule are useful in treating diseases or conditions which are caused or exasperated by rapid or abnormal cell proliferation, such as cancer.

Several anti-mitotic agents have had considerable clinical success. For example, the following vinca alkaloids which inhibit microtubule assembly have proved clinically successful: Vincristine has been successfully used to treat hematological malignancies and non-small-cell lung carcinoma; Vinblastine has been successfully used to treat hematological malignancies, testicular carcinomas and non-small-cell lung carcinoma; and Vinorelbine has been successfully used to treat hematological malignancies, breast carcinomas and non-small-cell lung carcinoma. In addition, taxanes which inhibit microtubule disassemble have also proved to be clinically successful. For example, Paclitaxel has been successful in treating breast, ovarianand non-small-cell lung carcinomas; and Docetaxel has been successful in treating breast and non-small-cell lung carcinomas.

Despite these successes, available anti-mitotic agents are inadequate for a number of reasons. For example, paclitaxel, docetaxel and vincristine are associated with significant neuropathy which can limit their use in repeat courses of therapy. In addition, both the vinca alkaloids and taxanes are good substrates for the 170 kDa P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux pump found in most multi-drug resistant cells. This protein pumps a drug out of the tumor cells causing the tumor cells to become resistant to treatment. Once a patient's cancer has become multi-drug resistant, there is typically little that can be done to halt or retard further progression of the disease.

There is therefore still a need for new drugs which overcome one or more of the aforementioned shortcomings of drugs currently used in the treatment of cancer. Desirable properties of new anti-cancer drugs therefore include a good therapeutic index, efficacy against tumors that are currently untreatable or poorly treatable, efficacy against multi-drug resistant tumors and/or reduced side effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention meets the above-mentioned needs by providing certain isothiazole derivatives that inhibit tubulin polymerization. Compounds of the invention are also capable of vascular targeting, in particular, blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature. These compounds are particularly useful for treating or preventing proliferative disorders, such as cancer.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally         substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   R₂ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally         substituted heteroaryl, provided that R₂ is not an unsubstituted         phenyl.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally         substituted aryl, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m), —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH,         —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)YR^(z), —C(O)NH—R^(aa), or         —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁);     -   R^(y) is —H or lower alkyl;     -   R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a         haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an         alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro,         an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl;     -   R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted         alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl,         an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally         substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an         optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted         heteraralkyl;     -   R^(aa) is an amino acid residue or an amino acid residue analog;     -   Y is CH₂, O, or NH;     -   R^(z) is Alk-NH₂, Alk-C(O)OH, Het, or Y₁;     -   Alk is an optionally substituted alkylene;     -   Het is an optionally substituted heteroalkyl;     -   Y₁ is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than         60,000 daltons;     -   n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   m is an integer from 1 to 10; and     -   q is 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof,         wherein:     -   R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a         haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an         alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro,         an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl;     -   R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted         alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl,         an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally         substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an         optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted         heteraralkyl;     -   one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally         substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl.

Compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or prodrugs thereof are potent antimitotic agents which inhibiting tubulin polymerization, and thus can inhibit microtubule growth. In order for cells to undergo mitosis, microtubules must be able to assemble and disassemble, in a process known as dynamic instability. Thus, in one embodiment, the compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit tubulin polymerization in a cell by contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit tubulin polymerization in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

Compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or prodrugs thereof are vascular targeting agents which can be used to block, occlude, or otherwise disrupt blood flow in neovasculature, and thus lead to destruction of vasculature. Thus in one embodiment, compounds of the invention can be used to block, occlude, or otherwise disrupt blood flow in neovasculature by contacting the neovasculature with an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention can be used to block, occlude, or otherwise disruptblood flow in neovasculature of a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

Since the compounds of the invention disrupt mitosis by inhibiting tubulin polymerization, they are particularly useful in treating or preventing proliferative disorders, such as cancer. Therefore, in one embodiment, compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or prodrugs thereof can be used to treat or prevent a proliferative disorder in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

All of the methods of this invention may be practice with a compound of the invention alone, or in combination with other agents, such as other anti-cancer agents.

As will be described in detail below, compounds of the invention overcome or ameliorate some of the limitations of known anti-mitotic agents. In particular, compounds of the invention are cytotoxic in multidrug resistant cells, and thus may be useful for treating cancers that have become resistant to other therapies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

Unless otherwise specified, the below terms used herein are defined as follows:

As used herein, the term an “aromatic ring” or “aryl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic-aromatic ring or ring radical comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms. Typically, aryl groups have about 6 to about 14 carbon atom ring members. Examples of suitable aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, anthacenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and naphthyl, as well as benzo-fused carbocyclic moieties such as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl. An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents (including without limitation alkyl (preferably, lower alkyl or alkyl substituted with one or more halo), hydroxy, alkoxy (preferably, lower alkoxy), alkylsulfanyl, cyano, halo, amino, and nitro. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 6 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” means a saturated straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon typically having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative saturated straight chain alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl and n-decyl; while saturated branched alkyls include isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, 2,4-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylhexyl, 2,4-dimethylhexyl, 2,5-dimethylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylhexyl, 3,3-dimtheylpentyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 4,4-dimethylhexyl, 2-ethylpentyl, 3-ethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 3-ethylhexyl, 4-ethylhexyl, 2-methyl-2-ethylpentyl, 2-methyl-3-ethylpentyl, 2-methyl-4-ethylpentyl, 2-methyl-2-ethylhexyl, 2-methyl-3-ethylhexyl, 2-methyl-4-ethylhexyl, 2,2-diethylpentyl, 3,3-diethylhexyl, 2,2-diethylhexyl, 3,3-diethylhexyl and the like. Alkyl groups included in compounds of this invention may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, amino, alkylamino, alkoxy, alkylsulfanyl, oxo, halo, acyl, nitro, hydroxyl, cyano, aryl, alkylaryl, aryloxy, arylsulfanyl, arylamino, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, carbocyclylthio, carbocyclylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylthio, and the like. In addition, any carbon in the alkyl segment may be substituted with oxygen (═O), sulfur (═S), or nitrogen (═NR³², wherein R³² is —H, an alkyl, acetyl, or aralkyl). Lower alkyls are typically preferred for the compounds of this invention.

The term alkylene refers to an alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group that has two points of attachment to two moieties (e.g., {—CH₂—}, —{CH₂CH₂—},

etc., wherein the brackets indicate the points of attachment). Alkylene groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

An aralkyl group refers to an aryl group that is attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker. Aralkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group which is linked to another moiety though an oxygen atom. Alkoxy groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “alkylsulfanyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group which is linked to another moiety though a divalent sulfur atom. Alkylsulfanyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “arylsulfanyl,” as used herein, refers to an aryl group which is linked to another moiety though a divalent sulfur atom. Arylsulfanyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “alkyl ester” as used herein, refers to a group represented by the formula —C(O)OR₃₂, wherein R₃₂ is an alkyl group. A lower alkyl ester is a group represented by the formula —C(O)OR₃₂, wherein R₃₂ is a lower alkyl group.

The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group which has one or more carbons in the alkyl chain replaced with an —O—, —S— or —NR₃₃—, wherein R₃₃ is H or a lower alkyl. Heteroalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “alkylamino,” as used herein, refers to an amino group in which one hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an alkyl group. The term “dialkylamino,” as used herein, refers to an amino group in which two hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by alkyl groups, in which the alkyl groups can be the same or different. Alkylamino groups and dialkylamino groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched, hydrocarbon radical typically having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched alkenyls include vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 1-octenyl, 2-octenyl, 3-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 2-decenyl, 3-decenyl and the like. Alkenyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched, hydrocarbonon radical typically having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and having at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched alkynyls include acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 4-pentynyl,-1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-heptynyl, 2-heptynyl, 6-heptynyl, 1-octynyl, 2-octynyl, 7-octynyl, 1-nonynyl, 2-nonynyl, 8-nonynyl, 1-decynyl, 2-decynyl, 9-decynyl and the like. Alkynyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” means a saturated, mono- or polycyclic alkyl radical typically having from 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, adamantly, decahydronaphthyl, octahydropentalene, bicycle[1.1.1]pentanyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic alkenyl radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and typically having from 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative cycloalkenyls include cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, cyclooctatrienyl, cyclooctatetraenyl, cyclononenyl, cyclononadienyl, cyclodecenyl, cyclodecadienyl and the like. Cycloalkenyl groups can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclic ring (typically having 3- to 14-members) which is either a saturated ring or an unsaturated non-aromatic ring. A 3-membered heterocycle can contain from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, and a 4- to 14-membered heterocycle can contain from 1 to about 8 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The heterocycle may be attached via any heteroatom or carbon atom. Representative heterocycles include morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, tetrahydropyrindinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like. A heteroatom may be substituted with a protecting group known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, the hydrogen on a nitrogen may be substituted with a tert-butoxycarbonyl group. Furthermore, the heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents (including without limitation a halo, an alkyl, a haloalkyl, or aryl). Only stable isomers of such substituted heterocyclic groups are contemplated in this definition.

As used herein, the term “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” means a monocyclic or polycyclic heteroaromatic ring (or radical thereof) comprising carbon atom ring members and one or more heteroatom ring members (such as, for example, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen). Typically, the heteroaromatic ring has from 5 to about 14 ring members in which at least 1 ring member is a heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. In another embodiment, the heteroaromatic ring is a 5 or 6 membered ring and may contain from 1 to about 4 heteroatoms. In another embodiment, the heteroaromatic ring system has a 7 to 14 ring members and may contain from 1 to about 7 heteroatoms. Representative heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolizinyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, isoquniolyl, indazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, indolizinyl, imidazopyridinyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, indolyl, tetrahydroindolyl, azaindolyl, imidazopyridyl, qunizaolinyl, purinyl, pyrrolo[2,3]pyrimidyl, pyrazolo[3,4]pyrimidyl or benzo(b)thienyl and the like. Heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents

A heteroaralkyl group refers to a heteroaryl group that is attached to another moiety via an alkylene linker. Heteroaralkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted with one or more substituents.

As used herein, the term “halogen” or “halo” means —F, —Cl, —Br or —I.

As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” means an alkyl group in which one or more —H is replaced with a halo group. Examples of haloalkyl groups include —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CCl₃, —CH₂CH₂Br, —CH₂CH(CH₂CH₂Br)CH₃, —CHICH₃, and the like.

As used herein, the term “haloalkoxy” means an alkoxy group in which one or more —H is replaced with a halo group. Examples of haloalkoxy groups include —OCF₃ and —OCHF₂.

The terms “bioisostere” and “bioisosteric replacement” have the same meanings as those generally recognized in the art. Bioisosteres are atoms, ions, or molecules in which the peripheral layers of electrons can be considered substantially identical. The term bioisostere is usually used to mean a portion of an overall molecule, as opposed to the entire molecule itself. Bioisosteric replacement involves using one bioisostere to replace another with the expectation of maintaining or slightly modifying the biological activity of the first bioisostere. The bioisosteres in this case are thus atoms or groups of atoms having similar size, shape and electron density. Preferred bioisosteres of esters, amides or carboxylic acids are compounds containing two sites for hydrogen bond acceptance. In one embodiment, the ester, amide or carboxylic acid bioisostere is a 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring, such as an optionally substituted 1H-imidazolyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, [1,2,4]triazolyl, or an optionally substituted [1,2,4]oxadiazolyl.

As used herein, the terms “subject”, “patient” and “animal”, are used interchangeably and include, but are not limited to, a cow, monkey, horse, sheep, pig, mini pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig and human. The preferred subject, patient or animal is a human.

As used herein, the term “lower” refers to a group having up to four carbon atoms. For example, a “lower alkyl” refers to an alkyl radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a “lower alkenyl” or “lower alkynyl” refers to an alkenyl or alkynyl radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively. A lower alkoxy or a lower alkylsulfanyl refers to an alkoxy or an alkylsulfanyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Lower substituents are typically preferred.

Where a particular substituent, such as an alkyl substituent, occurs multiple times in a given structure or moeity, the identity of the substitutent is independent in each case and may be the same as or different from other occurrences of that substituent in the structure or moiety. Furthermore, individual substituents in the specific embodiments and exemplary compounds of this invention are preferred in combination with other such substituents in the compounds of this invention, even if such individual substituents are not expressly noted as being preferred or not expressly shown in combination with other substituents.

The compounds of the invention are defined herein by their chemical structures and/or chemical names. Where a compound is referred to by both a chemical structure and a chemical name, and the chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the compound's identity.

Suitable substituents for an alkyl, alkoxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl groups include any substituent which will form a stable compound of the invention. Examples of substituents for an alkyl, alkoxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl include an alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkylsulfanyl, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, a heteraralkyl, a haloalkyl, —C(O)NR₃₄R₃₅, —NR₃₆C(O)R₃₇, halo, —OR₃₆, cyano, nitro, haloalkoxy, —C(O)R₃₆, —NR₃₄R₃₅, —SR₃₆, —C(O)OR₃₆, —OC(O)R₃₆, —NR₃₆C(O)NR₃₄R₃₅, —OC(O)NR₃₄R₃₅, —NR₃₆C(O)OR₃₇, —S(O)_(p)R₃₆, or —S(O)_(p)NR₃₄R₃₅, wherein R₃₄ and R₃₅, for each occurrence are, independently, H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, or a heteraralkyl; or R₃₄ and R₃₅ taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is a heterocyclyl or a heteroaryl; and R₃₆ and R₃₇ for each occurrence are, independently, H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, an aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, or a heteraralkyl;

In addition, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylene, a heterocyclyl, and any saturated portion of a alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl groups, may also be substituted with ═O, ═S, ═N—R₃₂.

When a heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl group contains a nitrogen atom, it may be substituted or unsubstituted. When a nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring of a heteroaryl group has a substituent the nitrogen may be a quaternary nitrogen.

Choices and combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject). Typically, such compounds are stable at a temperature of 40° C. or less, in the absence of excessive moisture, for at least one week. Such choices and combinations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and may be determined without undue experimentation.

Unless indicated otherwise, the compounds of the invention containing reactive functional groups (such as, without limitation, carboxy, hydroxy, and amino moieties) also include protected derivatives thereof. “Protected derivatives” are those compounds in which a reactive site or sites are blocked with one or more protecting groups. Suitable protecting groups for carboxy moieties include benzyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for amino and amido groups include acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitable proetecting groups for hydroxy include benzyl, trimethyl silyl (TMS) and the like. Other suitable protecting groups are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include those found in T. W. Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1981, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, the term “compound(s) of this invention” and similar terms refers to a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof and also include protected derivatives thereof.

As used herein, the term “amino acid residue” refers to what is left of an amino acid (losing a H⁺ from the nitrogenous side, an OH⁻ from the carboxylic side, or a H⁺ from the nitrogenous side and an OH⁻ from the carboxylic side) in the formation of a peptide bond(s). An “amino acid analog” includes D or L amino acids having the following formula: NH₂—CHR—C(O)OH, wherein R is an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted heteroalkyl group, an optionally substituted aromatic group, or an optionally substituted heteroaromatic group, and wherein R does not correspond to the side chain of a naturally-occurring amino acid. An “amino acid residue analog” refers to what is left of an amino acid analog (losing a H⁺ from the nitrogenous side, an OH⁻ from the carboxylic side, or a H⁺ from the nitrogenous side and an OH⁻ from the carboxylic side) in the formation of a peptide bond(s).

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “prodrug” means a derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide a compound of this invention. Prodrugs may only become active upon such reaction under biological conditions, but they may have activity in their unreacted forms. Examples of prodrugs contemplated in this invention include, but are not limited to, analogs or derivatives of compounds of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1 that comprise biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. Other examples of prodrugs include derivatives of compounds of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1 that comprise —NO, —NO₂, —ONO, or —ONO₂ moieties. Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by 1 BURGER'S MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND DRUG DISCOVERY (1995) 172-178, 949-982 (Manfred E. Wolff ed., 5^(th) ed), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “biohydrolyzable amide”, “biohydrolyzable ester”, “biohydrolyzable carbamate”, “biohydrolyzable carbonate”, “biohydrolyzable ureide” and “biohydrolyzable phosphate analogue” mean an amide, ester, carbamate, carbonate, ureide, or phosphate analogue, respectively, that either: 1) does not destroy the biological activity of the compound and confers upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is itself biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to a biologically active compound. Examples of biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl amides, α-amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides. Examples of biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to, lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters. Examples of biohydrolyzable carbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” is a salt formed from an acid and a basic group of one of the compounds of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1. Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also refers to a salt prepared from a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1 having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl, N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine, or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also refers to a salt prepared from a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1 having a basic functional group, such as an amino functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid. Suitable acids include, but are not limited to, hydrogen sulfate, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, isonicotinic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, besylic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, glucaronic acid, saccharic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, glutamic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable solvate,” is a solvate formed from the association of one or more solvent molecules to one or more molecules of a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1. The term solvate includes hydrates (e.g., hemi-hydrate, mono-hydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and the like).

As used herein, the term “clathrate” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof in the form of a crystal lattice that contains spaces (e.g., channels) that have a guest molecule (e.g., a solvent or water) trapped within. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization can be determined by any method known to those skilled in the art, such as the method described herein in Example 4. In addition the amount of a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that inhibits 50% of tubulin polymerization that occurs in the absence of the inhibitor (i.e., the IC₅₀) can be determined by pre-incubating purified tubulin with various amounts of an inhibitor for 15 minutes at 37° C. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and GTP is added to induce tubulin polymerization. The polymerization can be monitored in a spectrophotometer at 350 nm. A typical reaction mixtures (0.25 mL) contains 1.5 mg/mL tubulin, 0.6 mg/mL microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), 0.5 mM GTP, 0.5 mIM MgCl.sub.2, 4% DMSO and 0.1M 4-morpholineethanesulfonate buffer (MES, pH 6.4).

As used herein, a “proliferative disorder” or a “hyperproliferative disorder,” and other equivalent terms, means a disease or medical condition involving pathological growth of cells. Proliferative disorders include cancer, smooth muscle cell proliferation, systemic sclerosis, cirrhosis of the liver, adult respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, lupus erythematosus, retinopathy (e.g., diabetic retinopathy or other retinopathies), choroidal neovascularisation (e.g., macular degeneration), cardiac hyperplasia, reproductive system associated disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and ovarian cysts, pulmonary fibrosis, endometriosis, fibromatosis, harmatomas, lymphangiomatosis, sarcoidosis, and desmoid tumors.

Smooth muscle cell proliferation includes hyperproliferation of cells in the vasculature, for example, intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, restenosis and vascular occlusion, particularly stenosis following biologically- or mechanically-mediated vascular injury, e.g., vascular injury associated with angioplasty. Moreover, intimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia can include hyperplasia in smooth muscle other than the vasculature, e.g., bile duct blockage, bronchial airways of the lung in patients with asthma, in the kidneys of patients with renal interstitial fibrosis, and the like.

Non-cancerous proliferative disorders also include hyperproliferation of cells in the skin such as psoriasis and its varied clinical forms, Reiter's syndrome, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and hyperproliferative variants of disorders of keratinization (e.g., actinic keratosis, senile keratosis), scleroderma, and the like.

In a preferred embodiment, the proliferative disorder is cancer. Cancers that can be treated or prevented by the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to human sarcomas and carcinomas, e.g., fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma; leukemias, e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic leukemia (myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic and erythroleukemia); chronic leukemia (chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia); and polycythemia vera, lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's disease), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrobm's macroglobulinemia, and heavy chain disease.

Other examples of leukemias include acute and/or chronic leukemias, e.g., lymphocytic leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the p388 (murine) cell line), large granular lymphocytic leukemia, and lymphoblastic leukemia; T-cell leukemias, e.g., T-cell leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the CEM, Jurkat, and HSB-2 (acute), YAC-1 (murine) cell lines), T-lymphocytic leukemia, and T-lymphoblastic leukemia; B cell leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the SB (acute) cell line), and B-lymphocytic leukemia; mixed cell leukemias, e.g., B and T cell leukemia and B and T lymphocytic leukemia; myeloid leukemias, e.g., granulocytic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the HL-60 (promyelocyte) cell line), and myelogenous leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the K562 (chronic) cell line); neutrophilic leukemia; eosinophilic leukemia; monocytic leukemia (e.g., as exemplified by the THP-1(acute) cell line); myelomonocytic leukemia; Naegeli-type myeloid leukemia; and nonlymphocytic leukemia. Other examples of leukemias are described in Chapter 60 of The Chemotherapy Sourcebook, Michael C. Perry Ed., Williams & Williams (1992) and Section 36 of Holland Frie Cancer Medicine 5th Ed., Bast et al. Eds., B. C. Decker Inc. (2000). The entire teachings of the preceding references are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are believed to be particularly effective in treating subject with hematological malignancies (e.g., Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma). In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention are believed to be particularly useful in treating solid tumors.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are particularly effective at treating subjects whose cancer has become “multi-drug resistant”. A cancer which initially responded to an anti-cancer drug becomes resistant to the anti-cancer drug when the anti-cancer drug is no longer effective in treating the subject with the cancer. For example, many tumors will initially respond to treatment with an anti-cancer drug by decreasing in size or even going into remission, only to develop resistance to the drug. Drug resistant tumors are characterized by a resumption of their growth and/or reappearance after having seemingly gone into remission, despite the administration of increased dosages of the anti-cancer drug. Cancers that have developed resistance to two or more anti-cancer drugs are said to be “multi-drug resistant”. For example, it is common for cancers to become resistant to three or more anti-cancer agents, often five or more anti-cancer agents and at times ten or more anti-cancer agents.

An “effective amount” is the quantity of compound in which a beneficial outcome is achieved when the compound is administered to a subject or alternatively, the quantity of compound that possess a desired activity in vivo or in vitro. In the case of proliferative disorders, a beneficial clinical outcome includes reduction in the extent or severity of the symptoms associated with the disease or disorder and/or an increase in the longevity and/or quality of life of the subject compared with the absence of the treatment. For example, for a subject with cancer, a “beneficial clinical outcome” includes a reduction in tumor mass, a reduction in the rate of tumor growth, a reduction in metastasis, a reduction in the severity of the symptoms associated with the cancer and/or an increase in the longevity of the subject compared with the absence of the treatment. The precise amount of compound administered to a subject will depend on the type and severity of the disease or condition and on the characteristics of the subject, such as general health, age, sex, body weight and tolerance to drugs. It will also depend on the degree, severity and type of proliferative disorder. The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors. Effective amounts of the disclosed compounds typically range between about 1 mg/mm² per day and about 10 grams/mm² per day, and preferably between 10 mg/mm² per day and about 1 gram/mm².

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are vascular targeting agents. In one aspect, compounds of the invention are effective for blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in “neovasculature.” In one aspect, the invention provides a novel treatment for diseases involving the growth of new blood vessels (“neovasculature”), including, but not limited to: cancer; infectious diseases; autoimmune disorders; benign tumors, e.g. hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas; artheroscleric plaques; ocular angiogenic diseases, e.g., diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasia, rubeosis, retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic vitreous syndrome, choroidal neovascularization, uvietis and Pterygia (abnormal blood vessel growth) of the eye; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; warts; allergic dermatitis; blistering disease; Karposi sarcoma; delayed wound healing; endometriosis; uterine bleeding; ovarian cysts; ovarian hyperstimulation; vasculogenesis; granulations; hypertrophic scars (keloids); nonunion fractures; scleroderma; trachoma; vascular adhesions; vascular malformations; DiGeorge syndrome; HHT; transplant arteriopathy; restinosis; obesity; myocardial angiogenesis; coronary collaterals; cerebral collaterals; arteriovenous malformations; ischemic limb angiogenesis; primary pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary edema; asthma; nasal polyps; inflammatory bowel disease; periodontal disease; ascites; peritoneal adhesions; Osler-Webber Syndrome; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; synovitis; osteomyelitis; osteophyte formation; angiofibroma; fibromuscular dysplasia; wound granulation; Crohn's disease; and atherosclerosis.

Vascular targeting can be demonstrated by any method known to those skilled in the art, such as the method described herein in Examples 7 and 8.

The compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers. According to this invention, the chemical structures depicted herein, including the compounds of this invention, encompass all of the corresponding compounds' enantiomers and stereoisomers, that is, both the stereomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric isomeric mixtures. In some cases, one enantiomer, diastereomer, or geometric isomer will possess superior activity or an improved toxicity or kinetic profile compared to others. In those cases, such enantiomers, diastereomers, and geometric isomers of a compound of this invention are preferred.

As used herein, a composition that “substantially” comprises a compound means that the composition contains more than about 80% by weight, more preferably more than about 90% by weight, even more preferably more than about 95% by weight, and most preferably more than about 97% by weight of the compound.

As used herein, a composition that is “substantially free” of a compound means that the composition contains less than about 20% by weight, more preferably less than about 10% by weight, even more preferably less than about 5% by weight, and most preferably less than about 3% by weight of the compound.

As used herein, a reaction that is “substantially complete” means that the reaction contains more than about 80% by weight of the desired product, more preferably more than about 90% by weight of the desired product, even more preferably more than about 95% by weight of the desired product, and most preferably more than about 97% by weight of the desired product.

As used herein, a racemic mixture means about 50% of one enantiomer and about 50% of is corresponding enantiomer relative to all chiral centers in the molecule. The invention encompasses all enantiomerically-pure, enantiomerically-enriched, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, and racemic mixtures of the compounds of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1.

Enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase gas chromatography, chiral-phase high performance liquid chromatography, crystallizing the compound as a chiral salt complex, or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent. Enantiomers and diastereomers can also be obtained from diastereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well known asymmetric synthetic methods.

When administered to a patient, e.g., to a non-human animal for veterinary use or for improvement of livestock, or to a human for clinical use, the compounds of the invention are typically administered in isolated form or as the isolated form in a pharmaceutical composition. As used herein, “isolated” means that the compounds of the invention are separated from other components of either (a) a natural source, such as a plant or cell, preferably bacterial culture, or (b) a synthetic organic chemical reaction mixture. Preferably, via conventional techniques, the compounds of the invention are purified. As used herein, “purified” means that when isolated, the isolate contains at least 95%, preferably at least 98%, of a single compound of the invention by weight of the isolate.

Only those choices and combinations of substituents that result in a stable structure are contemplated. Such choices and combinations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and may be determined without undue experimentation.

The invention can be understood more fully by reference to the following detailed description and illustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments of the invention.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

The invention relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are useful for inhibiting tubulin polymerization and are particularly useful in treating or preventing proliferative disorders, such as cancer. The invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are useful as vascular targeting agents, particularly, in blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally         substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   R₂ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally         substituted heteroaryl, provided that R₂ is not an unsubstituted         phenyl.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (V):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₂ is defined as for formula (I); and     -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   p is 1 or 2.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VI):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(k) or R_(l) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   the dashed line indicates that the bond is a single bond or a         double bond;     -   X₃ and X₄ are each, independently, CH, N, CH₂, NR₁₆, O, or S;     -   X₅ and X₆ are each, independently, CR₂₉ or N;     -   R₁₅ is H, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₁₆ is H, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an aralkyl, —C(O)R, wherein R         is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, or an aralkyl;     -   R₂₉, for each occurrence, is independently, H or a substituent;         and     -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl;     -   R₁₇, for each occurrence, is independently, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   p is 1 or 2; and     -   R₂ is defined as for formula (I).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VII):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(m) or R_(n) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R₂ is defined as for formula (VI);     -   R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;

R₂₀ is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; and

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are defined as for formula (V).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIII):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(o), or R_(p) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R₂ is defined as for formula (VI);     -   R₂₂ and R₂₃, are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₂₁ is halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; and     -   X₁ and X₂ are are defined as for formula (V).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IX):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(q) or R_(r) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R₂, R₁₅, and R₂₉ are defined as for formula (VI).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (X):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of Rs or Rt is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R₂, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₂₉ are defined as for formula (VI).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally         substituted aryl, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m), —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH,         —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)YR^(z), —C(O)NH—R^(aa), or         —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁);     -   R^(y) is —H or lower alkyl;     -   R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a         haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an         alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro,         an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl;     -   R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted         alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl,         an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally         substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an         optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted         heteraralkyl;     -   R^(aa) is an amino acid residue or an amino acid residue analog;     -   Y is CH₂, O, or NH;     -   R^(z) is Alk-NH₂, Alk-C(O)OH, Het, or Y₁;     -   Alk is an optionally substituted alkylene;     -   Het is an optionally substituted heteroalkyl;     -   Y₁ is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than         60,000 daltons;     -   n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   m is an integer from 1 to 10; and     -   q is 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   p is 1 or 2; and     -   R^(x), R^(y), and R^(w) are defined as for formula (IA).

In another embodiment, this invention relates to compounds of formula (VIA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(k) or R_(l) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   the dashed line indicates that the bond is a single bond or a         double bond;     -   X₃ and X₄ are each, independently, CH, N, CH₂, NR₁₆, O, or S;     -   X₅ and X₆ are each, independently, CR₂₉ or N;     -   R₁₅ is H, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₁₆ is H, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an aralkyl, —C(O)R, wherein R         is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, or an aralkyl;     -   R₂₉, for each occurrence, is independently, H or a substituent     -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl;     -   R₁₇, for each occurrence, is independently, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   p is 1 or 2; and     -   R^(x), R^(y), and R^(w) are defined as for formula (IA).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof,     -   wherein:     -   one of R_(m) or R_(n) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₂₀ is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; and     -   R^(x), R^(y), and R^(w) are defined as for formula (IA).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIIA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R^(o) or R_(p) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R₂₂ and R₂₃, are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₂₁ is halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; and     -   R^(x), R^(y), and R^(w) are defined as for formula (IA).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IXA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof,         wherein:     -   one of R_(q) or R_(r) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R₁₅, R₁₉, and R₂₉ are defined as for formula (VIA); and     -   R^(x), R^(y), and R^(w) are defined as for formula (IA).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (XA):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof,         wherein:     -   one of R_(s), or R_(t) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₂₉ are defined as for formula (VIA); and     -   R^(x), R^(y), and R^(w) are defined as for formula (IA).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or clathrate,         thereof,         wherein:     -   R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a         haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an         alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro,         an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl;     -   R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted         alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl,         an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally         substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an         optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted         heteraralkyl;     -   one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally         substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R^(w) is defined as for formula (IB);     -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   p is 1 or 2.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(k) or R_(l) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   the dashed line indicates that the bond is a single bond or a         double bond;     -   X₃ and X₄ are each, independently, CH, N, CH₂, NR₁₆, O, or S;     -   X₅ and X₆ are each, independently, CR₂₉ or N;     -   R₁₅ is H, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₁₆ is H, an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, an aralkyl, —C(O)R, wherein R         is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, or an aralkyl;     -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl;     -   R₁₇, for each occurrence, is independently, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   p is 1 or 2;     -   R^(w) is defined as for formula (IB); and     -   R₂₉, for each occurrence, is independently, H or a substituent.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(m) or R_(n) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R^(w) is defined as for formula (IB);     -   R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; and     -   R₂₀ is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (VIIIB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof, wherein:     -   one of R_(o) or R_(p) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N;     -   R₂₂ and R₂₃, are each, independently, halo, an optionally         substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an         optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl,         cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a         heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇,         —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇,         —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or         —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;     -   R₂₁ is halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally         substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an         optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted         heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally         substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl,         a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₁₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇,         —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂,         —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇,         or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; and     -   R^(w) is defined as for formula (IB).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (IXB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof,         wherein:     -   one of R_(q) or R_(r) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R^(w) is defined as for formula (IB); and     -   R₁₅ and R₁₉ are defined as for formula (VIB).

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula (XB):

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or         prodrug thereof,         wherein:     -   one of R_(s), or R_(t) is —H and the other is represented by the         following formula:

-   -   R^(w) is defined as for formula (IB); and     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₂₉ are defined as for formula (VIB).

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted phenyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to five substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁, wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, and p are defined as above. In another aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to five substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl. Preferably, the phenyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the phenyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with three substituents.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted pyridinyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁, wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, and p are defined as above. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl. Preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with three substituents.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted benzo[1,3]dioxolyl.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁, wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, and p are defined as above. In another aspect of this embodiment, the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl. Preferably, the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the 1H-indolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the 1H-indolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁, wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, and p are defined as above. In another aspect of this embodiment, the 1H-indolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl. Preferably, the 1H-indolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the 1H-indolyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted pyridinyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from a halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁, wherein R₇, R₈, R₁₀, R₁₁, and p are defined as above. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with one or more substituents, independently, selected from an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl. Preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with from one to three substituents. More preferably, the pyridinyl group represented by R_(a) or R_(b) is substituted with three substituents.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I) or (V), R₂ is a substituted phenyl. In another aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with from one to five groups independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, wherein:

-   -   p is defined as above;     -   R₂₄ and R₂₇, for each occurrence are, independently, H, an         alkyl, or a cycloalkyl;     -   R₂₅ and R₂₆, for each occurrence are, independently, H, an         alkyl, or a cycloalkyl; or R₂₅ and R₂₆, together with the         nitrogen to which they are attached are a heterocyclyl or a         heteroaryl; and     -   R₂₈, for each occurrence, is an alkyl or a cycloalkyl.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, the phenyl represented by R₂ is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in compounds represented by formulas (I) or (V), R₂ is a substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted 4-pyridinyl-phenyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally substituted oxadiazolyl, an optionally substituted chromanyl, an optionally substituted isochromanyl, an optionally substituted pyridazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidinyl, an optionally substituted pyrazinyl, an optionally substituted benzothiophenyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzothiophenyl, an optionally substituted benzofuranyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl, an optionally substituted 1H-benzoimidazolyl, an optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, an optionally substituted benzooxazolyl, an optionally substituted 1H-benzotriazolyl, an optionally substituted 1H-indazolyl, an optionally substituted 9H-purinyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolopyrimidinyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolopyrazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolopyridazinyl, an optionally substituted imidazopyrazinyl, or an optionally substituted imidazolpyridazinyl.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I) or (V), R₂ is an optionally substituted pyridinyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R₂ is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and p are defined as above. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, the pyridinyl represented by R₂ is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I) or (V), R₂ is an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl-phenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted pyridazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidinyl, or an optionally substituted benzofuranyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, R₂ is unsubstituted.

In another aspect of this embodiment, R₂ is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and p are defined as above. In one aspect of this embodiment, R₂ is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, R₂ is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VI), (VII), (VII), (IX), or (X), R₂ is an optionally substituted phenyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R₂ is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with from one to five groups independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and p are defined as above. In one aspect of this embodiment, the phenyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, the phenyl represented by R₂ is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VI), (VII), (VII), (IX), or (X), R₂ is an optionally substituted pyridinyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R₂ is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and p are defined as above. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pyridinyl group represented by R₂ is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, the pyridinyl represented by R₂ is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), or (X), R₂ is an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted biphenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl-phenyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted pyridazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidinyl, or an optionally substituted benzofuranyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, R₂ is unsubstituted. In another aspect of this embodiment, R₂ is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxazolyl, 1H-tetrazolyl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazolyl, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and p are defined as above. In one aspect of this embodiment, R₂ is substituted with from one to three substituents. Preferably, R₂ is substituted with one substituent.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (V), (VA), or (VB), R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl. In one aspect of this embodiment, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are each, independently, an alkoxy. In another aspect of this embodiment, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are each methoxy.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (V), (VA), (VB), (VII), (VIIA), (VIIB), (Vil), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), X₁ and X₂ are CH.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (V), (VA), (VB), (VII), (VIIA), (VIIB), (Vil), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), X₁ and X₂ are N.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula by formulas (V), (VA), (VB), (VII), (VIIA), (VIIB), (Vil), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), X₁ is N and X₂ is CH.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (V), (VA), (VB), (VII), (VIIA), (VIIB), (Vil), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), X₁ is CH and X₂ is N.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (VI), (VIA), or (VIB), X₃ and X₄ are O and X₅ and X₆ are CH. In one aspect of this embodiment, X₃ and X₄ are O; X₅ and X₆ are CH; and R₁₅ is an alkoxy, such as methoxy.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (VI), (VIA), or (VIB), X₃ is CH; X₄ are NR₁₆; and X₅ and X₆ are CH. In one aspect of this embodiment, X₃ is CH; X₄ are NR₁₆; X₅ and X₆ are CH; and R₁₆ is H. In one aspect of this embodiment, X₃ is CH; X₄ are NR₁₆; X₅ and X₆ are CH; and R₁₆ is a lower alkyl.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (VI), (VIA), (VIB), (IX), (IXA), (IXB), (X), (XA), or (XB), R₁₅ is H, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂; wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈, and p are defined as above.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (IX), (IXA), (IXB), (X), (XA), or (XB), R₁₅ is H, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂; and R₂₉, for each occurrence, is independently, H, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, nitro, cyano, —OR₂₄, —SR₂₄, —C(O)R₂₄, —C(O)OR₂₄, —OC(O)R₂₄, —C(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, —NR₂₄C(O)R₂₇, —NR₂₄C(O)OR₂₇, —OC(O)NR₂₅R₂₆, guanidino, amino, alkyl amino, dialkylamino, —NR₂₄S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)R₂₈, —S(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₂₈, —OS(O)_(p)OR₂₇, —OP(O)(OR₂₇)₂, or —SP(O)(OR₂₇)₂; wherein R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈, and p are defined as above.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (VII), (VIIA), or (VIIB), R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₂₀ is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, or an alkyl ester; wherein R₇ is defined as above.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is a substituted phenyl represented by the following structural formula:

R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₂₀ is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, or an alkyl ester; wherein R₇ is defined as above and “}” represents the point of attachment of the phenyl ring to the isothiazole ring.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VII), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₂₁ is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, or an alkyl ester, wherein R₇ is defined as above.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is a substituted phenyl represented by the following structural formula:

R₂₂ and R₂₃ are each, independently, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₂₁ is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, or an alkyl ester, wherein R₇ is defined as above and “}” represents the point of attachment of the phenyl ring to the isothiazole ring.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is a substituted phenyl. In one aspect, the substituents for R_(a) or R_(b) are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, and —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁;

-   -   R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;     -   R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an         optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl,         an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an         optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted         aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally         substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl;         or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they         are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an         optionally substituted heteroaryl; and     -   p is 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted heteroaryl. In one aspect, the optionally substituted heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, an optionally substituted benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, an optionally substituted quinolinyl, an optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, an optionally substituted 1H-indolyl, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted oxazolyl, an optionally substituted isoxazolyl, an optionally substituted thiazolyl, an optionally substituted isothiazolyl, an optionally substituted imidazolyl, an optionally substituted pyrazolyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionally substituted thiophenyl, an optionally substituted thiadiazolyl, an optionally substituted oxadiazolyl, an optionally substituted chromanyl, an optionally substituted isochromanyl, an optionally substituted pyridazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidinyl, an optionally substituted pyrazinyl, an optionally substituted benzothiophenyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzothiophenyl, an optionally substituted benzofuranyl, an optionally substituted 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl, an optionally substituted 1H-benzoimidazolyl, an optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, an optionally substituted benzooxazolyl, an optionally substituted 1H-benzotriazolyl, an optionally substituted 1H-indazolyl, an optionally substituted 9H-purinyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolopyrimidinyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolopyrazinyl, an optionally substituted pyrrolopyridazinyl, an optionally substituted imidazopyrazinyl, and an optionally substituted imidazolpyridazinyl.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), R^(x) is R^(aa), —C(O)YR^(z), or —C(O)NH—R^(aa). In one aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa). In another aspect, R^(x) is —C(O)YR^(z). R^(aa), R^(z), and Y are defined as for formula (IA).

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), R^(x) is R^(aa) and R^(aa) is defined as for formula (IA). In one aspect, R^(aa) is glycine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, or methionine.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), R^(x) is R^(aa) and R^(y) is —H, wherein R^(aa) is defined as for formula (IA). In one aspect, R^(aa) is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, histidine, lysine, or proline. In another aspect, R^(aa) is glycine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, or methionine.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), R^(x) is —C(O)YR^(z) and Y and R^(z) are defined as for formula (IA). In one aspect, Y is CH₂. In another aspect, Y is O. In another aspect, Y is NH. In one aspect, R^(z) is Y₁ and Y₁ is defined as for formula (IA). In another aspect, R^(z) is Alk-NH₂. In another aspect, R^(z) is Alk-C(O)OH. In another aspect, R^(z) is Het. Alk and Het and defined as for formula (IA).

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VI IA), or (VIIIA), m is 1, 2 or 3.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), Y₁ is PEG, HPMA copolymer-methacryloyl-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-ethylenediamine, or HPMA copolymer-methacryloyl-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-OH. In one aspect, Y₁ is PEG.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), R^(y) is —H.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), R^(y) is a lower alkyl.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), Y₁ has a molecular weight greater than 20,000 daltons. In one aspect, Y₁ has a molecular weight of less than 40,000 daltons, but greater than 25,000 daltons.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), Alk is an optionally substituted lower alkylene.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA), (VA), (VIA), (VIIA), or (VIIIA), Het is an optionally substituted lower heteroalkyl.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VA), X₁ and X₂ are CH and R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are each methoxy. In one aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa). In another aspect, R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m). In another aspect, R^(x) is —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH. In another aspect, R^(x) is —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH. In another aspect, R^(x) is —C(O)YR^(z). In another aspect, R^(x) is —C(O)NH—R^(aa). In another aspect, R^(x) is —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁). R^(aa), Y, R^(z), Y₁, m, n, and q are defined as for formula (IA).

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VA), X₁ and X₂ are CH and R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are each methoxy. In one aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa) and R^(w) is alkoxy. In another aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa) and R^(y) is —H. In another aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa), R^(w) is alkoxy, and R^(y) is —H. In another aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa), R^(w) is alkoxy, and R^(y) is —H. In another aspect, R^(x) is R^(aa), R^(w) is methoxy, and R^(y) is —H. R^(aa) is defined as for formula (IA).

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VB), X₁ and X₂ are CH; R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are each methoxy; and R^(w) is alkoxy. In one aspect, R^(w) is methoxy.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (IA or B), (VA or B), (VIA or B), (VIIA or B), (VIIIA or B), (IXA or B), or (XA or B), R^(w) is alkoxy. In one aspect, R^(w) is methoxy.

In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (I), (IA), or (IB), R_(a) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (I), (IA), or (IB), R_(b) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (V), (VA), or (VB), R_(i) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (V), (VA), or (VB), R_(j) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VI), (VIA), or (VIB), R_(k) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (VI), (VIA), or (VIB), R_(l) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VII), (VIIA), or (VIIB), R_(m) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (VII), (VIIA), or (VIIB), R_(n) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formula (VIII), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), R_(o) is —H. In some embodiments, in the compounds represented by formulas (Vil), (VIIIA), or (VIIIB), R_(p) is —H.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds selected from the group consisting of:

-   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazole; -   4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]di-oxin-6-yl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4′-Methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(pyridine-3-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(pyridine-4-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(pyridine-2-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Carboxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Oxazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-N,N-dimethylamino-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-[1-isopropyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[3-(Ethyl-hydroxy-phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxy-pyridin-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,5-diacetoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(1-methyl-5-methoxy-1H-indol-7-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(1-ethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy)-isothiazole; -   4-[2-(Ethyl-hydroxy-phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3-Acetylamino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiozol-4-yl)-phenylamine; -   4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Methoxy-pyridine-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(5-Methoxy-pyridine-2-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(2-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5-phosphonooxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole -   4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole, sodium     salt; -   4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Acetylamino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5     phosphonooxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(3-phosphonooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(N,N-dimethylamino-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(3-amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-[3-(3-hydroxy-2S-amino-propionamido)-4-methoxy-phenyl]-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole -   4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-phenyl]-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-phenyl]-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-methyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-propoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-propyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-butoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-butyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-nitro-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-[4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-phenyl]-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole;     and -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-isothiazole;     -   or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or         prodrugs thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds selected from the group consisting of:

-   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Naphthalen-2-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazole; -   4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]di-oxin-6-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4′-Methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(pyridine-3-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(pyridine-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(pyridine-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Carboxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Oxazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-N,N-dimethylamino-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-[1-isopropyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[3-(Ethyl-hydroxy-phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trimethoxy-pyridin-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,5-diacetoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(1-methyl-5-methoxy-1H-indol-7-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(1-ethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy)-isothiazole; -   4-[2-(Ethyl-hydroxy-phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3-Acetylamino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Methoxy-pyridine-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(5-Methoxy-pyridine-2-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(2-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5-phosphonooxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole, sodium     salt; -   4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Acetylamino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5     phosphonooxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole,     sodium salt; -   4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(3-phosphonooxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     disodium salt; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(N,N-dimethylamino-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(3-amino-4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2S-amino-propionamido)-4-methoxy-phenyl]-isothiazole,     hydrochloric acid salt; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-phenyl]-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-phenyl]-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-methyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-propoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-propyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-butoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-butyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-nitro-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-phenyl]-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole; -   4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole;     and -   4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-isothiazole;     -   or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or         prodrugs thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to compounds selected from the group consisting of:

-   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)acetamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-3-hydroxy-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)propanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)propanamide; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)     butanamide; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3-phenylpropanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4-methylpentanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide     hydrochloride; -   1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2-methyl-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2-methyl-butyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-hydroxy-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   C-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-C-phenyl-methyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-benzofuran-2-yl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   3-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   3-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   5-amino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-pentyl-ammonium     chloride; -   4-guanidino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-butyl-ammonium     chloride; -   N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}succinamic     acid; -   4-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-butyric     acid; -   2-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   3-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-propionamide; -   3-(2-PEG)-N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-propionamide; -   N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-3-(2-methylamino-ethylamino)-propionamide; -   3-PEG-N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)-propionamide; -   N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)-succinamic     acid; -   {2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic     acid 2-methoxy-ethyl ester; -   2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylcarbamate-PEG; -   3-amino-N-[4-guanadino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-butylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-succinamic     acid; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)propanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)acetamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-3-hydroxy-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)propanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)propanamide; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)     butanamide; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3-phenylpropanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4-methylpentanamide     hydrochloride; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide     hydrochloride; -   1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2-methyl-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2-methyl-butyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-hydroxy-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   C-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-C-phenyl-methyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-benzofuran-2-yl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   3-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   3-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   5-amino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-pentyl-ammonium     chloride; -   4-guanidino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-butyl-ammonium     chloride; -   N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}succinamic     acid; -   4-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-butyric     acid; -   2-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-ethyl-ammonium     chloride; -   3-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-propionamide; -   3-(2-PEG)-N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-propionamide; -   N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-3-(2-methylamino-ethylamino)-propionamide; -   3-PEG-N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)-propionamide; -   N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)-succinamic     acid; -   {2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic     acid 2-methoxy-ethyl ester; -   2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylcarbamate-PEG; -   3-amino-N-[4-guanadino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-butylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-succinamic     acid; -   2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)     propanamide hydrochloride; -   methyl     2-(2-(2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylamino)-2-oxoethylamino)acetate; -   4-amino-5-(2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)     isothiazol-4-yl)phenylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid hydrochloride; -   3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl)     propanamide hydrochloride; -   3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-methylpentanamide     hydrochloride; -   methyl     2-(2-(2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylamino)-2-oxoethylamino)acetate; -   4-amino-5-(2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylamino)-5-oxopentanoic     acid hydrochloride; -   3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl)     propanamide hydrochloride; and -   3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-methylpentanamide     hydrochloride;     -   or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, or         prodrugs thereof.

All of the features, specific embodiments and particular substituents disclosed herein may be combined in any combination. Each feature, embodiment or substituent disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature, embodiment or substituent serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. In the case of chemical compounds, specific values for variables (e.g., values shown in the exemplary compounds disclosed herein) in any chemical formula disclosed herein can be combined in any combination resulting in a stable structure. Furthermore, specific values (whether preferred or not) for substituents in one type of chemical structure may be combined with values for other substituents (whether preferred or not) in the same or different type of chemical structure. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature, embodiment or substituent disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features, embodiments or substituents.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, as an active ingredient, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. The compositions are useful for treating or preventing proliferative disorders such as cancer or macular degeneration.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods for inhibiting tubulin polymerization in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods for promoting microtubule depolymerization in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods for treating or preventing a proliferative disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof. In one aspect of this embodiment, the method involves treating a subject with multidrug resistant cancer. In another aspect of this embodiment, the method involves treating a subject having a solid tumor. In another aspect of this embodiment, the method involves treating a subject having a hematological malignancy.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, and an additional therapeutic agent. In one aspect of this embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is another anti-cancer agent.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods for blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature, comprising contacting the neovasculature with an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, and an additional therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, and an additional therapeutic agent.

EXEMPLARY COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION

Exemplary compounds of the invention are depicted in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Compound No. Structure Chemical Name 1

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 2

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 3

4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazole 4

4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 6

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 7

4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]di- oxin-6-yl)-5-(2-hydroxy-4- methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 8

4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trihydroxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 9

4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 10

4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 11

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 12

4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 13

4-(4′-Methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)- 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 14

4-[4-(pyridine-3-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 15

4-[4-(pyridine-4-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 16

4-[4-(pyridine-2-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 17

4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 18

4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 19

4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 20

4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 21

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)- isothiazole 22

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)- isothiazole 23

4-(4-Carboxy-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 24

4-(4-Methoxycarbonyl- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 25

4-[4-(Oxazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 26

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 27

4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 28

4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 29

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 30

4-(4-N,N-dimethylamino- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-triethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 31

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 32

4-[4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 33

4-[4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 34

4-[4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-phenyl]-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 35

4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 36

4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-5-(3,4,5- triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole 37

4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 38

4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-5- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 39

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)- isothiazole 40

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- [1-isopropyl-1H-indol-6-yl)- isothiazole 41

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,4-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 42

4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 43

4-[3-(Ethyl-hydroxy- phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy- phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 44

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 45

4-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 46

4-(2,3-Dihydro- benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 47

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 48

4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 49

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,4-trimethoxy-pyridin-6- yl)-isothiazole 50

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (3,5-dimethoxy-4- methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 51

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (3,5-diacetoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 52

4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 53

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (1-methyl-5-methoxy- 1H-indol-7-yl)-isothiazole 54

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (1-ethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)- isothiazole 55

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)- isothiazole 56

4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy)- isothiazole 57

4-[2-(Ethyl-hydroxy- phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy- phenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 58

4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 59

4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 60

4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 61

4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 62

4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 63

4-(3-Acetylamino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 64

2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiozol-4-yl)-phenylamine 65

4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 66

4-(2-Methoxy-pyridine-5-yl)- 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 67

4-(5-Methoxy-pyridine-2-yl)- 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 68

4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole, sodium salt 69

4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 70

4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole, sodium salt 71

4-(2-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 72

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5- phosphonooxy-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 73

4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 74

4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)- 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 75

4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4- methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 76

4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 77

4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6- yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 78

4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, sodium salt 79

4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)- 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 80

4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 81

4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5- yl)-phenyl]-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 82

4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 83

4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 84

4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 85

4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole hydrochloric acid salt 86

4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 87

4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 88

4-(3-Acetylamino-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 89

4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 90

4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 91

4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-5- (4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol- 6-yl)-isothiazole 92

4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-5- (4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol- 6-yl)-isothiazole 93

4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole, sodium salt 94

4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 95

4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole, sodium salt 96

4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 97

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5 phosphonooxy-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, disodium salt 98

4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, disodium salt 99

4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)- 5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 100

4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4- methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, disodium salt 101

4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 102

4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6- yl)-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 103

4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-5-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, sodium salt 104

4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)- 5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 105

4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl-phenyl)- 5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 106

4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5- yl)-phenyl]-5-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 107

4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-5- (4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol- 6-yl)-isothiazole 108

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)- isothiazole 109

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(3-phosphonooxy-4- methoxy-phenyl) isothiazole, disodium salt 110

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(N,N-dimethylamino- phenyl)-isothiazole 111

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(3-amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 112

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-[3-(3-hydroxy-2S-amino- propionamido)-4-methoxy- phenyl]- isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 113

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 114

4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 115

4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 116

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 117

4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 118

4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 119

4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 120

4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 121

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 122

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 123

4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 124

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 125

4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)- phenyl]-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 126

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 127

4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 128

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 129

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 130

4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 131

4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 132

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 133

4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 134

4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 135

4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 136

4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 137

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 138

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 139

4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 140

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 141

4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)- phenyl]-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 142

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-5- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 143

4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 144

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 145

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 146

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-methyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 147

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 148

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-ethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 149

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-propoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 150

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-propyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 151

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-butoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 152

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-butyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 153

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-bromo-phenyl)- isothiazole 154

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-chloro-phenyl)- isothiazole 155

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)- isothiazole 156

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(4-nitro-phenyl)- isothiazole 157

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-[4-(N,N,- dimethylamino)-phenyl]- isothiazole 158

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 159

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(3-hydroxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole 160

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 161

4-(2,3-Dihydro- benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-5-(3,4- dimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 162

4-(3,4-Dimethy-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5- ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole 163

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 164

4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 165

4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 166

4-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- 5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5- ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole 167

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 168

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 5-(4-bromo-phenyl)- isothiazole 169

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 170

4-(Naphthalen-2-yl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 171

4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazole 172

4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 174

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 175

4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]di- oxin-6-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4- methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 176

4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trihydroxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 177

4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 178

4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 179

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 180

4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 181

4-(4′-Methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)- 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 182

4-[4-(pyridine-3-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 183

4-[4-(pyridine-4-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 184

4-[4-(pyridine-2-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 185

4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 186

4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 187

4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 188

4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 189

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)- isothiazole 190

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (1-ethyl-1H-indol-6-yl)- isothiazole 191

4-(4-Carboxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 192

4-(4-Methoxycarbonyl- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 193

4-[4-(Oxazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 194

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 195

4-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 196

4-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 197

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 198

4-(4-N,N-dimethylamino- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-triethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 199

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 200

4-[4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 201

4-[4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 202

4-[4-(Pyridin-2-yl)-phenyl]-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 203

4-(Quinolin-7-yl)-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 204

4-(Pyridin-4-yl)-3-(3,4,5- triethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole 205

4-(Isoquinolin-7-yl)-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 206

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-triethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 207

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)- isothiazole 208

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- [1-isopropyl-1H-indol-6-yl)- isothiazole 209

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,4-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 210

4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 211

4-[3-(Ethyl-hydroxy- phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy- phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 212

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 213

4-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 214

4-(2,3-Dihydro- benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 215

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 216

4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 217

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,4-trimethoxy-pyridin-6- yl)-isothiazole 218

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (3,5-dimethoxy-4- methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 219

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (3,5-diacetoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 220

4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 221

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (1-methyl-5-methoxy- 1H-indol-7-yl)-isothiazole 222

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (1-ethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)- isothiazole 223

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl)- isothiazole 224

4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy)- isothiazole 225

4-[2-(Ethyl-hydroxy- phosphoryloxy)-4-methoxy- phenyl]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 226

4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 227

4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 228

4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 229

4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 230

4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 231

4-(3-Acetylamino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 232

4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 233

4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 234

4-(2-Methoxy-pyridine-5-yl)- 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 235

4-(5-Methoxy-pyridine-2-yl)- 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 236

4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole, sodium salt 237

4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 238

4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole, sodium salt 239

4-(2-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 240

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5- phosphonooxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 241

4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 242

4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)- 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 243

4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4- methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 244

4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 245

4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6- yl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 246

4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, sodium salt 247

4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)- 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 248

4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 249

4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5- yl)-phenyl]-3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 250

4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 251

4-(Pyridazin-4-yl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 252

4-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 253

4-(Pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 254

4-(3-Mercapto-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 255

4-(3-Phosphonosulfanyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 256

4-(3-Acetylamino-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 257

4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 258

4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 259

4-(2-Methoxy-pyridin-5-yl)-3- (4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol- 6-yl)-isothiazole 260

4-(5-Methoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-3- (4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol- 6-yl)-isothiazole 261

4-(3-Carboxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole, sodium salt 262

4-(3-Methoxycarbonyl-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole 263

4-(3-Sulfooxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole, sodium salt 264

4-(3-Amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 265

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-5 phosphonooxy-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, disodium salt 266

4-(2-Phosphonooxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, disodium salt 267

4-(4-Methylsulfanyl-phenyl)- 3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 268

4-(3-Phosphonooxy-4- methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, disodium salt 269

4-(3-Amino-4-methylsulfanyl- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 270

4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6- yl)-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 271

4-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol-6- yl)-isothiazole, sodium salt 272

4-(4-Phosphonooxy-phenyl)- 3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 273

4-(4-1H-Tetrazol-5-yl-phenyl)- 3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 274

4-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5- yl)-phenyl]-3-(4-methoxy- benzo[1,3]dioxol-6-yl)- isothiazole 275

4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3- (4-methoxy-benzo[1,3]dioxol- 6-yl)-isothiazole 276

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)- isothiazole 277

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(3-phosphonooxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole, disodium salt 278

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(N,N-dimethylamino- phenyl)-isothiazole 279

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(3-amino-4-methoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 280

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-[3-(3-hydroxy-2S-amino- propionamido)-4-methoxy- phenyl]-isothiazole, hydrochloric acid salt 281

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 282

4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 283

4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 284

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 285

4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 286

4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 287

4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 288

4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 289

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 290

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 291

4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 292

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 293

4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)- phenyl]-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 294

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 295

4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 296

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 297

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 298

4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 299

4-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 300

4-(4-Ethyl-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 301

4-(4-Propoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 302

4-(4-Propyl-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 303

4-(4-Butoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 304

4-(4-Butyl-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 305

4-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 306

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 307

4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 308

4-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 309

4-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)- phenyl]-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 310

4-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-3- (2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 311

4-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- phenyl)-3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 312

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(2,3,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 313

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 314

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-methyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 315

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 316

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-ethyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 317

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-propoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 318

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-propyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 319

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-butoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 320

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-butyl-phenyl)- isothiazole 321

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-bromo-phenyl)- isothiazole 322

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-chloro-phenyl)- isothiazole 323

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)- isothiazole 324

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(4-nitro-phenyl)- isothiazole 325

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-[4-(N,N,- dimethylamino)-phenyl]- isothiazole 326

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 327

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4- methoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole 328

4-(2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy- phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazole 329

4-(2,3-Dihydro- benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(3,4- dimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazole 330

4-(3,4-Dimethy-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5- ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole 331

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 332

4-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 333

4-(4-Amino-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 334

4-(4-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- 3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5- ethyl-phenyl)-isothiazole 335

4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-3-(2- hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-ethyl- phenyl)-isothiazole 336

4-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-phenyl)- 3-(4-bromo-phenyl)- isothiazole 337

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl) acetamide hydrochloride 338

2-amino-3-hydroxy-N-(2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl)- phenyl)propanamide hydrochloride 339

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)- phenyl)propanamide 340

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4- (methylthio)butanamide hydrochloride 341

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl) butanamide 342

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3- phenylpropanamide hydrochloride 343

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4- methylpentanamide hydrochloride 344

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxyphenyl) propanamide hydrochloride 345

2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl)-phenyl dihydrogen phosphate 346

Sodium 2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl phosphate 347

1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-propyl-ammonium chloride 348

1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-propyl-ammonium chloride 349

1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-butyl-ammonium chloride 350

1-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-butyl-ammonium chloride 351

2-hydroxy-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 352

2-hydroxy-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 353

2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 354

2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 355

C-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-C- phenyl-methyl-ammonium chloride 356

C-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-C- phenyl-methyl-ammonium chloride 357

2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 358

2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 359

2-benzofuran-2-yl-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 360

2-benzofuran-2-yl-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 361

2-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 362

2-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 363

3-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 364

3-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 365

3-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 366

3-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 367

2-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 368

2-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 369

2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 370

2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 371

5-amino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-pentyl- ammonium chloride 372

5-amino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-pentyl- ammonium chloride 373

4-guanidino-1-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-butyl- ammonium chloride 374

4-guanidino-1-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-butyl- ammonium chloride 375

N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl} succinamic acid 376

4-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- butyric acid 377

2-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 378

3-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-N-{2- methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenyl}-propionamide 379

3-(2-PEG)-N-{2-methoxy-5- [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}- propionamide 380

N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenyl}-3-(2- methylamino-ethylamino)- propionamide 381

3-PEG-N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3, 4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)- propionamide 382

N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- methyl)-succinamic acid 383

{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 2-methoxy-ethyl ester 384

2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl) phenylcarbamate-PEG 385

3-amino-N-[4-guanadino-1- {2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- butylcarbamoyl)-methyl]- succinamic acid 386

3-amino-N-[4-guanadino-1- {2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- butylcarbamoyl)-methyl]- succinamic acid 387

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[5- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl) propanamide hydrochloride 388

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl)-phenyl)acetamide hydrochloride 389

2-amino-3-hydroxy-N-(2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl)-phenyl)propanamide hydrochloride 390

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)- phenyl)propanamide 391

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4- (methylthio)butanamide hydrochloride 392

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)- butanamide 393

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3- phenylpropanamide hydrochloride 394

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-4- methylpentanamide hydrochloride 395

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl)-3-(4- methoxyphenyl) propanamide hydrochloride 396

2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl)- phenyl dihydrogen phosphate 397

Sodium 2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl phosphate 398

1-{2-methoxy-3-[5-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-propyl-ammonium chloride 399

1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-propyl-ammonium chloride 400

1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-butyl-ammonium chloride 401

1-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-2- methyl-butyl-ammonium chloride 402

2-hydroxy-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 403

2-hydroxy-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 404

2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 405

2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 406

C-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-C- phenyl-methyl-ammonium chloride 407

C-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}-C- phenyl-methyl-ammonium chloride 408

2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy- phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 409

2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 410

2-benzofuran-2-yl-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 411

2-benzofuran-2-yl-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 412

2-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 413

2-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 414

3-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 415

3-carboxyl-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 416

3-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 417

3-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-propyl- ammonium chloride 418

2-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 419

2-carbamoyl-1-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-ethyl- ammonium chloride 420

2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 421

2-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbomoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 422

5-amino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-pentyl- ammonium chloride 423

5-amino-1-{2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-pentyl- ammonium chloride 424

4-guanidino-1-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-butyl- ammonium chloride 425

4-guanidino-1-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbomoyl}-butyl- ammonium chloride 426

N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl} succinamic acid 427

4-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- butyric acid 428

2-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- ethyl-ammonium chloride 429

3-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-N-{2- methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenyl}-propionamide 430

3-(2-PEG)-N-{2-methoxy-5- [3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]-phenyl}- propionamide 431

N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenyl}-3-(2- methylamino-ethylamino)- propionamide 432

3-PEG-N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3, 4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl]- phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)- propionamide 433

N-{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- methyl)-succinamic acid 434

{2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenyl}-carbamic acid 2-methoxy-ethyl ester 435

2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol- 4-yl)phenylcarbamate-PEG 436

3-amino-N-[4-guanadino-1- {2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- butylcarbamoyl)-methyl]- succinamic acid 437

3-amino-N-[4-guanadino-1- {2-methoxy-5-[3-(3,4,5- trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol- 4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}- butylcarbamoyl)-methyl]- succinamic acid 438

2-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-[3- (3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)- isothiazol-4-yl)-phenyl) propanamide hydrochloride 439

methyl 2-(2-(2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol- 4-yl)phenylamino)- 2-oxoethylamino)acetate 440

4-amino-5-(2-methoxy-5-(5- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl)phenylamino)- 5-oxopentanoic acid hydrochloride 441

3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(5- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl) propanamide hydrochloride 442

3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(5- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4- methylpentanamide hydrochloride 443

methyl 2-(2-(2-methoxy-5-(3-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol- 4-yl)phenylamino)-2- oxoethylamino)acetate 444

4-amino-5-(2-methoxy-5-(3- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl)phenylamino)- 5-oxopentanoic acid hydrochloride 445

3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(3- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl) propanamide hydrochloride 446

3-amino-N-(2-methoxy-5-(3- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) isothiazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4- methylpentanamide hydrochloride

Methods of Making the Compounds of the Invention

The compounds of the invention can be made by the methods described herein in Example 1. In addition, the compounds of the invention can be prepared using the methods described in Olivera, et al., J. Org. Chem. (2000), 65:6398-6411; Olivera, et al., Tetrahedron (2002), 58:3021-3037; Dominguez, et al., J. Org. Chem. (1996), 61:5435-5439; Olivera, et al., Tet. Let. (1999), 40:3479-3480; Khilya, et al. Ukrainskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal (Russian Edition) (1990), 56(3); 280-286. The entire teachings of these references are incorporated herein by reference.

Methods of Treatment and Prevention

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of inhibiting tubulin polymerization in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization can be determined by determining the IC₅₀ for tubulin polymerization inhibition for a compound as described above, or by using the methods described in Examples 4 and 5, herein.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a proliferative disorder, such as cancer, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof. Such patients may be treatment naïve or may experience partial or no response to conventional therapies.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof.

Responsiveness to treatment with the compounds of the invention in the case of proliferative disorders, can be measured by reduction in the extent or severity of the symptoms associated with the disease or disorder and/or an increase in the longevity and/or quality of life of the subject compared with the absence of the treatment. Responsiveness to treatment with the compounds of the invention in the case of cancer, can be measured by a reduction in tumor mass, a reduction in the rate of tumor growth, a reduction in metastasis, a reduction in the severity of the symptoms associated with the cancer and/or an increase in the longevity of the subject compared with the absence of the treatment.

Combination Therapies

The invention also provides methods of preventing, treating, managing, or ameliorating a proliferative disorder, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof, said methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one or more compounds of the invention and one or more other therapies (e.g., one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents that are currently being used, have been used, are known to be useful or in development for use in the prevention, treatment or amelioration of a proliferative disorder, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms associated with said proliferative disorder).

The prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies of the invention can be administered sequentially or concurrently. In a specific embodiment, the combination therapies of the invention comprise one or more compounds and at least one other therapy (e.g., another prophylactic or therapeutic agent) which has the same mechanism of action as said compounds (e.g., a therapeutic agent that inhibits tubulin polymerization). In another specific embodiment, the combination therapies of the invention comprise one or more compounds of the invention and at least one other therapy (e.g., another prophylactic or therapeutic agent) which has a different mechanism of action than said compounds. In certain embodiments, the combination therapies of the present invention improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect of one or more compounds of the invention by functioning together with the compounds to have an additive or synergistic effect. In certain embodiments, the combination therapies of the present invention reduce the side effects associated with the therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents). In certain embodiments, the combination therapies of the present invention reduce the effective dosage of one or more of the therapies.

The prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies can be administered to a subject, preferably a human subject, in the same pharmaceutical composition. In alternative embodiments, the prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies can be administered concurrently to a subject in separate pharmaceutical compositions. The prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be administered to a subject by the same or different routes of administration.

In a specific embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the invention is administered to a subject, preferably a human, to prevent, treat, manage, or ameliorate a proliferative disorder, such as cancer, or one or more symptom thereof. In accordance with the invention, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also comprise one or more other agents (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents which are currently being used, have been used, or are known to be useful in the prevention, treatment or amelioration of a proliferative disorder or a symptom thereof).

The invention provides methods for preventing, managing, treating or ameliorating a proliferative disorder, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof in a subject refractory (either completely or partially) to existing agent therapies for such a proliferative disorder, said methods comprising administering to said subject a dose of an effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention and a dose of an effective amount of one or more therapies (e.g., one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents useful for the prevention, treatment, management, or amelioration of a proliferative disorder or a symptom thereof). The invention also provides methods for preventing, treating, managing, or ameliorating a proliferative disorder or a symptom thereof by administering one or more compounds of the invention in combination with any other therapy(ies) to patients who have proven refractory to other therapies but are no longer on these therapies.

The compounds of the invention and/or other therapies can be administered to a subject by any route known to one of skill in the art. Examples of routes of administration include, but are not limited to, parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), intranasal, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.

Agents Useful In Combination With Compounds of the Invention;

Anticancer agents that can be co-administered with the compounds of the invention include Taxol™, also referred to as “paclitaxel”, which is a well-known anti-cancer drug which acts by enhancing and stabilizing microtubule formation, and analogs of Taxol™, such as Taxotere™. Compounds that have the basic taxane skeleton as a common structural feature, have also been shown to have the ability to arrest cells in the G2-M phases due to stabilized microtubules and may be useful for treating cancer in combination with the compounds of the invention.

Other anti-cancer agents that can be employed in combination with the compounds of the invention include Adriamycin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Cisplatin, acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan; cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer; carboplatin; carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin; cedefingol; chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cladribine; crisnatol mesylate; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; daunorubicin hydrochloride; decitabine; dexormaplatin; dezaguanine; dezaguanine mesylate; diaziquone; doxorubicin; doxorubicin hydrochloride; droloxifene; droloxifene citrate; dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin; edatrexate; eflornithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; enloplatin; enpromate; epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; erbulozole; esorubicin hydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; fadrozole hydrochloride; fazarabine; fenretinide; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate; fluorouracil; fluorocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium; gemcitabine; gemcitabine hydrochloride; hydroxyurea; idarubicin hydrochloride; ifosfamide; ilmofosine; interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II, or rIL2), interferon alfa-2a; interferon alfa-2b; interferon alfa-n1; interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta-I a; interferon gamma-I b; iproplatin; irinotecan hydrochloride; lanreotide acetate; letrozole; leuprolide acetate; liarozole hydrochloride; lometrexol sodium; lomustine; losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol; maytansine; mechlorethamine hydrochloride; megestrol acetate; melengestrol acetate; melphalan; menogaril; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; methotrexate sodium; metoprine; meturedepa; mitindomide; mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin; mitosper; mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid; nocodazole; nogalamycin; ormaplatin; oxisuran; pegaspargase; peliomycin; pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan; piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin; puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; riboprine; rogletimide; safingol; safingol hydrochloride; semustine; simtrazene; sparfosate sodium; sparsomycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin; streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; talisomycin; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temoporfin; teniposide; teroxirone; testolactone; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin; tirapazamine; toremifene citrate; trestolone acetate; triciribine phosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin; tubulozole hydrochloride; uracil mustard; uredepa; vapreotide; verteporfin; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine; vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate; vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate; vinzolidine sulfate; vorozole; zeniplatin; zinostatin; zorubicin hydrochloride.

Other anti-cancer drugs that can be employed in combination with the compounds of the invention include: 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorlns; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sd±1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen-binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer. Preferred anti-cancer drugs are 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.

Other chemotherapeutic agents that can be employed in combination with the compounds of the invention include but are not limited to alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, or hormones. Examples of alkylating agents useful for the treatment or prevention of T-cell malignancies in the methods and compositions of the invention include but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, etc.), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, etc.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.). Examples of antimetabolites useful for the treatment or prevention of T-cell malignancies in the methods and compositions of the invention include but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin). Examples of natural products useful for the treatment or prevention of T-cell malignancies in the methods and compositions of the invention include but are not limited to vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastin, vincristine), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase), or biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon alpha).

Examples of alkylating agents that can be employed in combination with the compounds of the invention include but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, etc.), ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin, etc.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.). Examples of antimetabolites useful for the treatment or prevention of cancer in the methods and compositions of the invention include but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil, floxouridine, Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin). Examples of natural products useful for the treatment or prevention of cancer in the methods and compositions of the invention include but are not limited to vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastin, vincristine), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide, teniposide), antibiotics (e.g., actinomycin D, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, plicamycin, mitomycin), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase), or biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon alpha). Examples of hormones and antagonists useful for the treatment or prevention of cancer in the methods and compositions of the invention include but are not limited to adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate), estrogens (e.g., diethlystilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide), gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (e.g., leuprolide). Other agents that can be used in the methods and compositions of the invention for the treatment or prevention of cancer include platinum coordination complexes (e.g., cisplatin, carboblatin), anthracenedione (e.g., mitoxantrone), substituted urea (e.g., hydroxyurea), methyl hydrazine derivative (e.g., procarbazine), adrenocortical suppressant (e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide).

Examples of anti-cancer agents which act by arresting cells in the G2-M phases due to stabilized microtubules and which can be used in combination with the compounds of the invention include without limitation the following marketed drugs and drugs in development: Erbulozole (also known as R-55104), Dolastatin 10 (also known as DLS-10 and NSC-376128), Mivobulin isethionate (also known as CI-980), Vincristine, NSC-639829, Discodermolide (also known as NVP-XX-A-296), ABT-751 (Abbott, also known as E-7010), Altorhyrtins (such as Altorhyrtin A and Altorhyrtin C), Spongistatins (such as Spongistatin 1, Spongistatin 2, Spongistatin 3, Spongistatin 4, Spongistatin 5, Spongistatin 6, Spongistatin 7, Spongistatin 8, and Spongistatin 9), Cemadotin hydrochloride (also known as LU-103793 and NSC-D-669356), Epothilones (such as Epothilone A, Epothilone B, Epothilone C (also known as desoxyepothilone A or dEpoA), Epothilone D (also referred to as KOS-862, dEpoB, and desoxyepothilone B), Epothilone E, Epothilone F, Epothilone B N-oxide, Epothilone A N-oxide, 16-aza-epothilone B, 21-aminoepothilone B (also known as BMS-310705), 21-hydroxyepothilone D (also known as Desoxyepothilone F and dEpoF), 26-fluoroepothilone), Auristatin PE (also known as NSC-654663), Soblidotin (also known as TZT-1027), LS-4559-P (Pharmacia, also known as LS-4577), LS-4578 (Pharmacia, also known as LS-477-P), LS-4477 (Pharmacia), LS-4559 (Pharmacia), RPR-112378 (Aventis), Vincristine sulfate, DZ-3358 (Daiichi), FR-182877 (Fujisawa, also known as WS-9885B), GS-164 (Takeda), GS-198 (Takeda), KAR-2 (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), BSF-223651 (BASF, also known as ILX-651 and LU-223651), SAH-49960 (Lilly/Novartis), SDZ-268970 (Lilly/Novartis), AM-97 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), AM-132 (Armad), AM-138 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko), IDN-5005 (Indena), Cryptophycin 52 (also known as LY-355703), AC-7739 (Ajinomoto, also known as AVE-8063A and CS-39.HCl), AC-7700 (Ajinomoto, also known as AVE-8062, AVE-8062A, CS-39-L-Ser.HCl, and RPR-258062A), Vitilevuamide, Tubulysin A, Canadensol, Centaureidin (also known as NSC-106969), T-138067 (Tularik, also known as T-67, TL-138067 and TI-138067), COBRA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, also known as DDE-261 and WHI-261), H10 (Kansas State University), H16 (Kansas State University), Oncocidin A1 (also known as BTO-956 and DIME), DDE-313 (Parker Hughes Institute), Fijianolide B, Laulimalide, SPA-2 (Parker Hughes Institute), SPA-1 (Parker Hughes Institute, also known as SPIKET-P), 3-IAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, also known as MF-569), Narcosine (also known as NSC-5366), Nascapine, D-24851 (Asta Medica), A-105972 (Abbott), Hemiasterlin, 3-BAABU (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, also known as MF-191), TMPN (Arizona State University), Vanadocene acetylacetonate, T-138026 (Tularik), Monsatrol, Inanocine (also known as NSC-698666), 3-IAABE (Cytoskeleton/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine), A-204197 (Abbott), T-607 (Tularik, also known as T-900607), RPR-115781 (Aventis), Eleutherobins (such as Desmethyleleutherobin, Desaetyleleutherobin, Isoeleutherobin A, and Z-Eleutherobin), Caribaeoside, Caribaeolin, Halichondrin B, D-64131 (Asta Medica), D-68144 (Asta Medica), Diazonamide A, A-293620 (Abbott), NPI-2350 (Nereus), Taccalonolide A, TUB-245 (Aventis), A-259754 (Abbott), Diozostatin, (−)-Phenylahistin (also known as NSCL-96F037), D-68838 (Asta Medica), D-68836 (Asta Medica), Myoseverin B, D-43411 (Zentaris, also known as D-81862), A-289099 (Abbott), A-318315 (Abbott), HTI-286 (also known as SPA-110, trifluoroacetate salt) (Wyeth), D-82317 (Zentaris), D-82318 (Zentaris), SC-12983 (NCl), Resverastatin phosphate sodium, BPR-0Y-007 (National Health Research Institutes), and SSR-250411 (Sanofi).

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention provides compositions for the treatment, prophylaxis, and amelioration of proliferative disorders, such as cancer. In a specific embodiment, a composition comprises one or more compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, hydrate or prodrug thereof. In another embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents other than a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, hydrate, prodrug thereof. In another embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises one or more compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, and one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic agents. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

In a preferred embodiment, a composition of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition or a single unit dosage form. Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention comprise one or more active ingredients in relative amounts and formulated in such a way that a given pharmaceutical composition or dosage form can be used to treat or prevent proliferative disorders, such as cancer. Preferred pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprise a compound of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, clathrate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, optionally in combination with one or more additional active agents.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include, but are not limited to, parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), intranasal, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. In a specific embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intranasal or topical administration to human beings. In a preferred embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures for subcutaneous administration to human beings.

Single unit dosage forms of the invention are suitable for oral, mucosal (e.g., nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, or intraarterial), or transdermal administration to a patient. Examples of dosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets; capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches; lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices); pastes; powders; dressings; creams; plasters; solutions; patches; aerosols (e.g., nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage forms suitable for oral or mucosal administration to a patient, including suspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions, oil-in-water emulsions, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions, and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids) that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient.

The composition, shape, and type of dosage forms of the invention will typically vary depending on their use. For example, a dosage form suitable for mucosal administration may contain a smaller amount of active ingredient(s) than an oral dosage form used to treat the same indication. This aspect of the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.

Typical pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are well known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non-limiting examples of suitable excipients are provided herein. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a patient. For example, oral dosage forms such as tablets may contain excipients not suited for use in parenteral dosage forms.

The suitability of a particular excipient may also depend on the specific active ingredients in the dosage form. For example, the decomposition of some active ingredients can be accelerated by some excipients such as lactose, or when exposed to water. Active ingredients that comprise primary or secondary amines (e.g., N-desmethylvenlafaxine and N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine) are particularly susceptible to such accelerated decomposition. Consequently, this invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that contain little, if any, lactose. As used herein, the term “lactose-free” means that the amount of lactose present, if any, is insufficient to substantially increase the degradation rate of an active ingredient. Lactose-free compositions of the invention can comprise excipients that are well known in the art and are listed, for example, in the U.S. Pharmocopia (USP) SP(XXI)/NF (XVI). In general, lactose-free compositions comprise active ingredients, a binder/filler, and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable amounts. Preferred lactose-free dosage forms comprise active ingredients, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.

This invention further encompasses anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising active ingredients, since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds. For example, the addition of water (e.g., 5%) is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as a means of simulating long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time. See, e.g., Jens T. Carstensen (1995) Drug Stability: Principles & Practice, 2d. Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 379-80. In effect, water and heat accelerate the decomposition of some compounds. Thus, the effect of water on a formulation can be of great significance since moisture and/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture, handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.

Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions. Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one active ingredient that comprises a primary or secondary amine are preferably anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.

An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions are preferably packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials), blister packs, and strip packs.

The invention further encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that comprise one or more compounds that reduce the rate by which an active ingredient will decompose. Such compounds, which are referred to herein as “stabilizer” include, but are not limited to, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.

Oral Dosage Forms:

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention that are suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules, and liquids (e.g., flavored syrups). Such dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. See generally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.

Typical oral dosage forms of the invention are prepared by combining the active ingredient(s) in an admixture with at least one excipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. For example, excipients suitable for use in oral liquid or aerosol dosage forms include, but are not limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, and coloring agents. Examples of excipients suitable for use in solid oral dosage forms (e.g., powders, tablets, capsules, and caplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars, micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.

Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms, in which case solid excipients are employed. If desired, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation if necessary.

For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants. Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are not limited to, the materials sold as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103 AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (available from FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, Pa.), and mixtures thereof. One specific binder is a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose sold as AVICEL RC-581. Suitable anhydrous or low moisture excipients or additives include AVICEL-PH-103J and Starch 1500 LM.

Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof. The binder or filler in pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is typically present in from about 50 to about 99 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form.

Disintegrants are used in the compositions of the invention to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. Tablets that contain too much disintegrant may disintegrate in storage, while those that contain too little may not disintegrate at a desired rate or under the desired conditions. Thus, a sufficient amount of disintegrant that is neither too much nor too little to detrimentally alter the release of the active ingredients should be used to form solid oral dosage forms of the invention. The amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical pharmaceutical compositions comprise from about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, preferably from about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant.

Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.

Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, and mixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of Baltimore, Md.), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa Co. of Plano, Tex.), CAB-O-SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and mixtures thereof. If used at all, lubricants are typically used in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms into which they are incorporated.

Controlled Release Dosage Forms:

Active ingredients of the invention can be administered by controlled release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; and 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591,767, 5,120,548, 5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the invention. The invention thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled-release.

All controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance.

Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

A particular extended release formulation of this invention comprises a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a compound of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, in spheroids which further comprise microcrystalline cellulose and, optionally, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose coated with a mixture of ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Such extended release formulations can be prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,171, the entirely of which is incorporated herein by reference.

A specific controlled-release formulation of this invention comprises from about 6% to about 40% a compound of formulas (I), (V) through (X), (IA), (VA) through (XA), (IB), (VB) through (XB), or Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, by weight, about 50% to about 94% microcrystalline cellulose, NF, by weight, and optionally from about 0.25% to about 1% by weight of hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, USP, wherein the spheroids are coated with a film coating composition comprised of ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.

Parenteral Dosage Forms:

Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to patients by various routes including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous (including bolus injection), intramuscular, and intraarterial. Because their administration typically bypasses patients' natural defenses against contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are preferably sterile or capable of being sterilized prior to administration to a patient. Examples of parenteral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection, suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions.

Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to: Water for Injection USP; aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water-miscible vehicles such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.

Compounds that increase the solubility of one or more of the active ingredients disclosed herein can also be incorporated into the parenteral dosage forms of the invention.

Transdermal, Topical, and Mucosal Dosage Forms:

Transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, ophthalmic solutions, sprays, aerosols, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, or other forms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980 & 1990) 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (1985) 4th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Dosage forms suitable for treating mucosal tissues within the oral cavity can be formulated as mouthwashes or as oral gels. Further, transdermal dosage forms include “reservoir type” or “matrix type” patches, which can be applied to the skin and worn for a specific period of time to permit the penetration of a desired amount of active ingredients.

Suitable excipients (e.g., carriers and diluents) and other materials that can be used to provide transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosage forms encompassed by this invention are well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular tissue to which a given pharmaceutical composition or dosage form will be applied. With that fact in mind, typical excipients include, but are not limited to, water, acetone, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, mineral oil, and mixtures thereof to form lotions, tinctures, creams, emulsions, gels or ointments, which are non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable. Moisturizers or humectants can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms if desired. Examples of such additional ingredients are well known in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980 & 1990) 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.

Depending on the specific tissue to be treated, additional components may be used prior to, in conjunction with, or subsequent to treatment with active ingredients of the invention. For example, penetration enhancers can be used to assist in delivering the active ingredients to the tissue. Suitable penetration enhancers include, but are not limited to: acetone; various alcohols such as ethanol, oleyl, and tetrahydrofuryl; alkyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide; dimethyl acetamide; dimethyl formamide; polyethylene glycol; pyrrolidones such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; Kollidon grades (Povidone, Polyvidone); urea; and various water-soluble or insoluble sugar esters such as Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) and Span 60 (sorbitan monostearate).

The pH of a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form, or of the tissue to which the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is applied, may also be adjusted to improve delivery of one or more active ingredients. Similarly, the polarity of a solvent carrier, its ionic strength, or tonicity can be adjusted to improve delivery. Compounds such as stearates can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms to advantageously alter the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of one or more active ingredients so as to improve delivery. In this regard, stearates can serve as a lipid vehicle for the formulation, as an emulsifying agent or surfactant, and as a delivery-enhancing or penetration-enhancing agent. Different salts, hydrates or solvates of the active ingredients can be used to further adjust the properties of the resulting composition.

Dosage & Frequency of Administration:

The amount of the compound or composition of the invention which will be effective in the prevention, treatment, management, or amelioration of a proliferative disorder, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof, will vary with the nature and severity of the disease or condition, and the route by which the active ingredient is administered. The frequency and dosage will also vary according to factors specific for each patient depending on the specific therapy (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic agents) administered, the severity of the disorder, disease, or condition, the route of administration, as well as age, body, weight, response, and the past medical history of the patient. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. Suitable regiments can be selected by one skilled in the art by considering such factors and by following, for example, dosages reported in the literature and recommended in the Physician's Desk Reference (57th ed., 2003).

Exemplary doses of a small molecule include milligram or microgram amounts of the small molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram).

In general, the recommended daily dose range of a compound of the invention for the conditions described herein lie within the range of from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg per day, given as a single once-a-day dose or preferably as divided doses throughout a day. In one embodiment, the daily dose is administered twice daily in equally divided doses. Specifically, a daily dose range should be from about 5 mg to about 500 mg per day, more specifically, between about 10 mg and about 200 mg per day. In managing the patient, the therapy should be initiated at a lower dose, perhaps about 1 mg to about 25 mg, and increased if necessary up to about 200 mg to about 1000 mg per day as either a single dose or divided doses, depending on the patient's global response. It may be necessary to use dosages of the active ingredient outside the ranges disclosed herein in some cases, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it is noted that the clinician or treating physician will know how and when to interrupt, adjust, or terminate therapy in conjunction with individual patient response.

Different therapeutically effective amounts may be applicable for different proliferative disorders, as will be readily known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Similarly, amounts sufficient to prevent, manage, treat or ameliorate such proliferative disorders, but insufficient to cause, or sufficient to reduce, adverse effects associated with the compounds of the invention are also encompassed by the above described dosage amounts and dose frequency schedules. Further, when a patient is administered multiple dosages of a compound of the invention, not all of the dosages need be the same. For example, the dosage administered to the patient may be increased to improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect of the compound or it may be decreased to reduce one or more side effects that a particular patient is experiencing.

In a specific embodiment, the dosage of the composition of the invention or a compound of the invention administered to prevent, treat, manage, or ameliorate a proliferative disorders, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof in a patient is 150 μg/kg, preferably 250 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg or more of a patient's body weight. In another embodiment, the dosage of the composition of the invention or a compound of the invention administered to prevent, treat, manage, or ameliorate a proliferative disorders, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof in a patient is a unit dose of 0.1 mg to 20 mg, 0.1 mg to 15 mg, 0.1 mg to 12 mg, 0.1 mg to 10 mg, 0.1 mg to 8 mg, 0.1 mg to 7 mg, 0.1 mg to 5 mg, 0.1 to 2.5 mg, 0.25 mg to 20 mg, 0.25 to 15 mg, 0.25 to 12 mg, 0.25 to 10 mg, 0.25 to 8 mg, 0.25 mg to 7 mg, 0.25 mg to 5 mg, 0.5 mg to 2.5 mg, 1 mg to 20 mg, 1 mg to 15 mg, 1 mg to 12 mg, 1 mg to 10 mg, 1 mg to 8 mg, 1 mg to 7 mg, 1 mg to 5 mg, or 1 mg to 2.5 mg.

The dosages of prophylactic or therapeutic agents other than compounds of the invention, which have been or are currently being used to prevent, treat, manage, or proliferative disorders, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof can be used in the combination therapies of the invention. Preferably, dosages lower than those which have been or are currently being used to prevent, treat, manage, or ameliorate a proliferative disorders, or one or more symptoms thereof, are used in the combination therapies of the invention. The recommended dosages of agents currently used for the prevention, treatment, management, or amelioration of a proliferative disorders, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof, can obtained from any reference in the art including, but not limited to, Hardman et al., eds., 1996, Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis Of Basis Of Therapeutics 9^(th) Ed, Mc-Graw-Hill, New York; Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) 57^(th) Ed., 2003, Medical Economics Co., Inc., Montvale, N.J., which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In certain embodiments, when the compounds of the invention are administered in combination with another therapy, the therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents) are administered less than 5 minutes apart, less than 30 minutes apart, 1 hour apart, at about 1 hour apart, at about 1 to about 2 hours apart, at about 2 hours to about 3 hours apart, at about 3 hours to about 4 hours apart, at about 4 hours to about 5 hours apart, at about 5 hours to about 6 hours apart, at about 6 hours to about 7 hours apart, at about 7 hours to about 8 hours apart, at about 8 hours to about 9 hours apart, at about 9 hours to about 10 hours apart, at about 10 hours to about 11 hours apart, at about 11 hours to about 12 hours apart, at about 12 hours to 18 hours apart, 18 hours to 24 hours apart, 24 hours to 36 hours apart, 36 hours to 48 hours apart, 48 hours to 52 hours apart, 52 hours to 60 hours apart, 60 hours to 72 hours apart, 72 hours to 84 hours apart, 84 hours to 96 hours apart, or 96 hours to 120 hours part. In one embodiment, two or more therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents) are administered within the same patient visit.

In certain embodiments, one or more compounds of the invention and one or more other the therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents) are cyclically administered. Cycling therapy involves the administration of a first therapy (e.g., a first prophylactic or therapeutic agents) for a period of time, followed by the administration of a second therapy (e.g., a second prophylactic or therapeutic agents) for a period of time, followed by the administration of a third therapy (e.g., a third prophylactic or therapeutic agents) for a period of time and so forth, and repeating this sequential administration, i.e., the cycle in order to reduce the development of resistance to one of the agents, to avoid or reduce the side effects of one of the agents, and/or to improve the efficacy of the treatment.

In certain embodiments, administration of the same compound of the invention may be repeated and the administrations may be separated by at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 2 months, 75 days, 3 months, or 6 months. In other embodiments, administration of the same prophylactic or therapeutic agent may be repeated and the administration may be separated by at least at least 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 2 months, 75 days, 3 months, or 6 months.

In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a method of preventing, treating, managing, or ameliorating a proliferative disorders, such as cancer, or one or more symptoms thereof, said methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a dose of at least 150 μg/kg, preferably at least 250 μg/kg, at least 500 μg/kg, at least 1 mg/kg, at least 5 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg, at least 25 mg/kg, at least 50 mg/kg, at least 75 mg/kg, at least 100 mg/kg, at least 125 mg/kg, at least 150 mg/kg, or at least 200 mg/kg or more of one or more compounds of the invention once every day, preferably, once every 2 days, once every 3 days, once every 4 days, once every 5 days, once every 6 days, once every 7 days, once every 8 days, once every 10 days, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, or once a month.

Other Embodiments

The compounds of the invention may be used as research tools (for example, to evaluate the mechanism of action of new drug agents, to isolate new drug discovery targets using affinity chromatography, as antigens in an ELISA or ELISA-like assay, or as standards in in vitro or in vivo assays). These and other uses and embodiments of the compounds and compositions of this invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

The invention is further defined by reference to the following examples describing in detail the preparation of compounds of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced without departing from the purpose and interest of this invention. The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the invention and should not be construed as specifically limiting the invention described and claimed herein. Such variations of the invention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or minor changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the invention incorporated herein.

EXAMPLES Experimental Rationale

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the compounds of this invention inhibit tubulin polymerization and/or target vasculature and, therefore, can be used to inhibit undesirable cellular proliferation in disorders such as cancer. The examples that follow demonstrate these properties.

Materials and General Methods

Reagents and solvents used below can be obtained from commercial sources such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA). ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 300 MHz NMR spectrometer. Significant peaks are tabulated in the order: δ (ppm): chemical shift, multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br s, broad singlet), coupling constant(s) in Hertz (Hz) and number of protons.

Example 1 Synthesis of Representative Exemplary Compounds of this Invention Compound 3 4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole

100 mg of 4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazole (1a) in EyOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated under the catalysis of 10% Pd on wet carbon at rt overnight. Removal of catalyst and solvent gave 3-amino-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propenone (2a, 75 mg) as colorless oil.

74 mg of 2a was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (0.2 g) and P₂S₅ (0.15 g) was added followed by iodine (0.15 g). The mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h. Removal of solvent and purified the mixture with repeated column chromatography gave 4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole (3a, 4 mg) as white solid.

Compound 3 4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazole

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.3 (d, 2H, J=8), 6.9 (d, 2H, J=8), 6.52 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 6H); ESMS clcd for C₁₉H₁₉NO₄S: 357.1. Found: 358.0 (M+H)⁺.

Compound 64 2-Methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isothiazol-4-yl]-phenylamine

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 8.44 (s, 1H), 6.7 (m, 3H), 6.57 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.8 (br, 2H), 3.72 (s, 6H); ESMS clcd for C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₄S: 372.1. Found: 373.1 (M+H)⁺.

Synthesis of 4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazole (1) Synthesis of 3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propenone

To a stirred solution of p-anislaldehyde (1.36 g, 10 mmol) and 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (2.1 g, 10 mmol) in ethyl alcohol (EtOH) (10 mL) was added a 50% solution of NaOH in H₂O (1 mL). After the reaction had proceeded to completion, volatile components were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was taken up with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (50 mL). The EtOAc layer was washed with H₂O (2×30 mL) and then dried with Na₂SO₄. After removal of EtOAc, the product was precipitated out from EtOH/H₂O, Solid material collected by filtration and was washed by H₂O (20 mL) and 95% ethyl alcohol (10 mL). The product, 3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propenone (2.8 g, 85% yield), was obtained as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR δ 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 6H), 6.95 (d, 2H, J=8), 7.28 (s, 2H), 7.39 (d, 1H, J=15), 7.65 (d, 2H, J=8), 7.85 (d, 1H, J=15) ppm.

(2) Synthesis of [3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-oxiranyl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

To a stirred solution of 3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propenone (1.64 g, 5 mmol) and 1N NaOH (2.52 mL) in 95% EtOH (22 mL) was added a cold solution of 30% H₂O₂ (0.77 mL) at room temperature. After 72 h stirring, the precipitated material was collected by filtration and washed with 95% EtOH to afford [3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-oxiranyl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone as a white solid (1.38 g, yield 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 4.05 (d, 1H, J=2), 4.20 (1H, J=2), 6.95 (d, 2H, J=7), 7.25-7.35 (m, 4H) ppm.

(3) Synthesis of 4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazole

To a stirred solution of [3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-oxiranyl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (0.5 g, 1.45 mmol) in dry ether (15 mL) was added BF₃.Et₂O (2.52 mL) slowly. After the addition, it was heated to reflux for 1 h. After the reaction mixture had cooled to room temperature, it was poured into ice-H₂O (100 mL). The etheral layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (10 mL×3). The combined ether layers were washed with H₂O (20 mL×2) and concentrated to dryness. The residue was then transferred with EtOH (3 mL) to a flask suited for a microwave reactor, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.32 g, 4.6 mmol) and pyridine (1 mL) were added. The mixture was heated and stirred in a microwave reactor at 130° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and poured into ice-H₂O (20 mL). The solid material was collected and washed with H₂O. After preparative HPLC or repeated solvating gas chromatography (SGC) (hexane to 14% Hexane/EtOAc), the product 4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazole was obtained as a light yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.70 (s, 6H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.94 (d, 2H, J=8), 7.33 (d, 2H, J=8), 8.30 (s, 1H) ppm; ESMS calcd for C₁₉H₁₉NO₅: 341.0. Found: 342.0 (M+H⁺).

Compound 216 2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylcarbamate-PEG

A solution of 2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)aniline hydrochloride (300 mg, 0.76 mmol) and triethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.60 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) is added slowly to a solution of triphosgene (77 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 min at room temperature, and then cooled to 0° C. before the addition of PEG (1.53 g, 0.76 mmol) and triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.77 mmol) in 2 ml of dichloromethane. The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 3 h. and washed with NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous layer is extracted with dichloromethane (2×), and the combined organic layers are washed with saturated NaCl solution, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The crude product is purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% MeOH in EA) to give desired product 2-methoxy-5-(5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenylcarbamate-PEG.

Synthesis of Amino-Acid Derivatives

({2-Methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-4-yl]-phenylcarbamoyl}-methyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2)

To a solution of N-t-Boc-glycine (357 mg, 2 mmol) and N-methyl-imidazole (0.162 mL, 2 mmol) in THF (16 mL) cooled with ice methanesulfonyl chloride (0.158 mL, 2 mmol) is added. Ice bath is removed, 1 (0.4 g, 1 mmol) is added as a solid, followed by thriethylamine (0.144 mL, 2.02 mmol), and the reaction mixture is stirred at 40-50° C. overnight. A resulted solution is decanted from a solid, a flask rinsed with EtOAc, and a combined organic solution is washed with saturated ammonium chloride solution, then twice with water, brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution is filtered out through a celite pad, concentrated and the residue is dissolved in 2-propanol (3 mL) with heating, and hexane (1-2 mL) is added drop-wise to start precipitation. In 1 hour a solid is filtered out, washed with 1:1 Hexane:ether mixture (10 ml ×2) and vacuum-dried to give 2.

2-Amino-N-{2-methoxy-5-[5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-4-yl]-phenyl}-acetamide (3)

To a solution of 2 in THF (6 mL) a 1M solution of HCl in ethanol (17 mL) is added, and a resulted solution is stirred overnight at room temperature to form a suspension with product partly precipitated out. The reaction mixture is concentrated under reduced pressure keeping temperature below 45° C. to ˜10 mL volume. A solid is filtered out, washed with ether (5 ml×2), hexane (5 mL) and vacuum-dried to give 3.

Example 2 Cytotoxicity of Compounds of the Invention in Multidrug Resistant Cell Lines

The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds of the invention was determined in the following human cell lines: HL-60 (T-cell leukemia), MES-SA and MES-SA/DX5 (uterine sarcoma). MES-SA is a model of uterine sarcoma, and the cell are sensitive to a number of chemotherapeutic agents including doxorubicin, dactinomycin, mitomycin C, taxol and bleomycin, but resistant to vinblastine and cisplatin. MES-SA/Dx5 was established in the presence of increasing concentrations of doxorubicin. The cells express high levels of mdr-1 mRNA and p-glycoprotein and exhibit cross resistance to more than fifteen chemotherapeutic agents including taxol, etoposide, mitomycin C, colchicine, vinblastine, dactinomycin, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and so on. All cells were purchased from ATCC.

The cell lines were maintained in RPMI1640 (GIBCO) supplemented with 10% FCS, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine. Cells were split every third day and diluted to a concentration of 2×105 cells/mL one day before the experiment was performed. All experiments were performed on exponentially growing cell cultures. Cell densities were 2.5×10⁴ cells/mL in all experiments.

Compounds of the invention were prepared by dissolving the compound at a concentration of 10 mM in 100% DMSO. Final concentrations 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 μM were obtained by diluting the stock solution directly into the tissue culture medium. Cells were incubated with varying concentrations of compound 3 for 72 hours and the IC₅₀ was determined by MTS (i.e. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. IC₅₀ in this context stands for the concentration of compound required to inhibit 50% tumor cell growth. Surprisingly, Compounds 3 and 64 exhibited lower IC₅₀s for multidrug resistant cell line MES/SA-DX5 than for non-multidrug resistant lines HL 60 and MES-SA. In contrast, Taxol exhibited a higher IC₅₀ for the for multidrug resistant cell line MES/SA-DX₅ than for non-multidrug resistant lines HL 60 and MES-SA. Compounds 3 and 64 exhibited much greater activity than Taxol against multidrug resistant cell line MES/SA-DX.

TABLE 2 Comp. 3 Comp. 64 Taxol Cell Line Cell Type IC₅₀ in μM IC₅₀ in μM IC₅₀ in μM HL60 Leukemia 0.474 0.025 0.005 MES-SA Uterine 0.100 0.042 0.005 Carcinoma MES/DX5 MDR-1 0.080 0.033 10

Example 3 Cell Cycle Analysis

MDA-435 cells are cultured in 6-well plates at 1×10⁶ cells/well and are untreated (negative control), treated with Taxol (positive control), or treated with a compound of the invention at 37° C. for 20 h. The cells are detached with 1× trypsin and washed one time with PBS. Cycle TEST PLUS kit (BD PharMingen, Cat # 340242) is used to stain the cells. Cell cycle is analyzed with FACScomp program (BS PharMingen).

Example 4 Inhibition of Tubulin Polymerization by Compounds of the Invention

Material and Methods: Wild-type Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (WT CHO) cells are maintained in Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, Utah). Cells of low density (˜20%) growing on 2-well chambered cover-slips (Labtek (Campbell, Calif.) or Fisher Scientific) are transfected with a mammalian expression vector encoding α-tubulin-YFP (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) with the use of FuGENE 6 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells are cultured in 400 μg/ml G418 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.)-containing selection medium for 2 weeks. Living cells are examined using a fluorescent microscope for α-tubulin-YFP expression. Cells in single colonies containing microtubules labeled with α-tubulin-YFP are lifted and expanded in G418-containing medium. Expression of α-tubulin-YFP is confirmed by the presence of the tubulin-YFP labeled microtubule pattern identical to immunostained microtubule pattern of non-transfected cells, as well as by subjecting the cells to Western blot analysis using an anti-GFP antibody (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Basel, Switzerland) and confirming the correct mass of the α-tubulin-YFP chimeric protein. Expressed tubulin-YFP is detected as a single band in Western blots. The tubulin-YFP expressing cell lines (referred as CHO-α-tubulin-YFP cells) are used in the studies described below. Similar methods are used to generate MCF-7 cell lines stably expressing α-tubulin-YFP (referred as MCF₇-α-tubulin-YFP cells).

CHO-α-tubulin-YFP or MCF₇-α-tubulin-YFP cells is cultured in 2-well chambered cover-slips (Labtek (Campbell, Calif.) or Fisher Scientific) for 24 hours before treatment with a compound of the invention. For comparison of the effects of treatment on α-tubulin-YFP labeled microtubules with the compounds of the invention, CHO-α-tubulin-YFP or MCF7-α-tubulin-YFP cells are treated with the a compound of the invention, Taxol or equivalent concentrations of DMSO-containing media for various time periods before imaging. Tubulin-YFP fluorescence in living cells or fixed cells is captured using a standard filter for FITC and objectives of 20× or 60× magnification on a Nikon TE300 microscope with a Leica DC50 color digital camera (Leica, Bannockburn, Ill.) or a CoolSnap HQ monochrome CCD camera (Photonetrics, Tucson, Ariz.). The Leica DC50 and CoolSnapHQ cameras are controlled with Leica DC50 software and MetaVue/MetaMorph software, respectively (Universal Imaging Corp, Downingtown, Pa.). Inspection of the cells shows a typical microtubule network in cells treated with DMSO alone, whereas microtubule bundle formation can be seen with Taxol, and a disperse pattern of cytoplasmic tubulin-YFP is expected with compounds of the invention indicating microtubule depolymerization.

Example 5 Microtubule Disruption in Cells Resistant to the Depolymerization Effects of Colchicine and Vincristine

The effects of compounds of the invention on microtubules can be studied in CV-1 cells. The microtubules of CV-1 cells are known to be resistant to the depolymerizing effects of colchicine and vincristine. CV-1 cells are treated with 500 nM of a compound of the invention, vincristine, or colchicines, and their microtubules are examined at 24, 48 and 72 hr. Cells are then fixed and stained to examine microtubule structure. In cells treated with compounds of the invention, microtubule structures are expected to be diminished compared to untreated cells. Disorganized but clear microtubule structures are typically found in cells treated with either vincristine or colchines.

Example 6 Anti-Tumor Activity Against Human Tumor Cells Line in Nude Mouse Xenograft Models

The human tumor cell line, MDA-MB-435S (ATCC #HTB-129; G. Ellison, et al., Mol. Pathol. 55:294-299, 2002), is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va., USA). The human tumor cell line, RERF-LC-AI (RCB0444; S. Kyoizumi, et al., Cancer. Res. 45:3274-3281, 1985), is obtained from the Riken Cell Bank (RCB; Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan). The cell lines are cultured in growth media prepared from 50% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (high glucose), 50% RPMI Media 1640, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% 100×L-glutamine, 1% 100× Penicillin-Streptomycin, 1% 100× sodium pyruvate and 1% 100×MEM non-essential amino acids. FBS is obtained from ATCC and all other reagents are obtained from Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Approximately 4-5×10(6) cells that are cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen are rapidly thawed at 37° C. and transferred to a 175 cm² tissue culture flask containing 50 ml of growth media and then incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. The growth media is replaced every 2-3 days until the flask becomes 90% confluent, typically in 5-7 days. To passage and expand the cell line, a 90% confluent flask is washed with 10 mL of room temperature phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the cells are disassociated by adding 5 mL 1× Trypsin-EDTA (Invitrogen) and incubated at 37° C. until the cells detach from the surface of the flask. To inactivate the trypsin, 5 mL of growth media is added and then the contents of the flask are centrifuged to pellet the cells. The supernatant is aspirated and the cell pellet is resuspended in 10 mL of growth media and the cell number determined using a hemocytometer. Approximately 1-3×10(6) cells per flask were seeded into 175 cm² flasks containing 50 mL of growth media and incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. When the flasks reach 90% confluence, the above passaging process is repeated until sufficient cells are obtained for implantation into mice.

Seven to eight week old, female Crl:CD-1-nuBR (nude) mice are obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass., USA). Animals are housed 4-5/cage in micro-isolators, with a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle, acclimated for at least 1 week prior to use and fed normal laboratory chow ad libitum. Studies are conducted on animals between 7 and 19 weeks of age at implantation. To implant MDA-MB-435S tumor cells into nude mice, the cells are trypsinized as above, washed in PBS and resusupended at a concentration of 50×10(6) cells/mL in PBS. Using a 27 gauge needle and 1 cc syringe, 0.1 mL of the cell suspension is injected into the corpus adiposum of nude mice. The corpus adiposum is a fat body located in the ventral abdominal vicera in the right quadrant of the abdomen at the juncture of the os coxae (pelvic bone) and the os femoris (femur). To implant RERF-LC-AI tumor cells into nude mice, the cells are trypsinized as above, washed in PBS and resuspended at a concentration of 50×10(6) cells/mL in 50% non-supplemented RPMI Media 1640 and 50% Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix (#354234; BD Biosciences; Bedford, Mass., USA). Using a 27 gauge needle and 1 cc syringe, 0.1 mL of the cell suspension is injected subcutaneously into the flank of nude mice.

Tumors are then permitted to develop in vivo until they reach approximately 100-200 mm³ in volume, which typically requires 2-3 weeks following implantation. Tumor volumes (V) are calculated by caliper measurement of the width (W), length (L) and thickness (T) of tumors using the following formula: V=0.5326×(L×W×T). Animals are randomized into treatment groups so that the average tumor volumes of each group are similar at the start of dosing.

Stock solutions of test articles are prepared by dissolving the appropriate amounts of each compound in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by sonication in an ultrasonic water bath. Stock solutions are prepared at the start of the study, stored at −20° C. and diluted fresh each day for dosing. A solution of 20% Cremophore RH40 (polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; BASF Corp., Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany) in 80% D5W (5% dextrose in water; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., USA) is also prepared by first heating 100% Cremophore RH40 at 50-60° C. until liquefied and clear, diluting 1:5 with 100% D5W, reheating again until clear and then mixing well. This solution is stored at room temperature for up to 3 months prior to use. To prepare formulations for daily dosing, DMSO stock solutions are diluted 1:10 with 20% Cremophore RH40. The final formulation for dosing contains 10% DMSO, 18% Cremophore RH40, 3.6% dextrose, 68.4% water and the appropriate amount of test article (compound of the invention or paclitaxel). Animals are intravenously (i.v.) injected with this solution at 10 ml per kg body weight on a schedule of 3 days per week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, with no dosing on Saturday and Sunday) for a total of 9-10 doses.

Treatment with compounds of the invention at, for example, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg body weight are expected to decrease the growth rate and/or cause tumor regression of MDA-MB-435S melanoma cells or of RERF-LC-AI lung tumor cells in nude mice. Treatment with 7.5 mg/kg of paclitaxel typically results in decreased tumor growth compared to animals treated with vehicle alone.

Example 7 Necrosis in a Nude Mouse Tumor Model

Mouse mammary carcinoma cell line, EMT6 (ATCC #CRL-2755), are obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va., USA). The cell line is cultured in growth media prepared from 50% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (high glucose), 50% RPMI Media 1640, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% 100×L-glutamine, 1% 100× Penicillin-Streptomycin, 1% 100× sodium pyruvate and 1% 100× MEM non-essential amino acids. FBS is obtained from ATCC and all other reagents are obtained from Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Approximately 4-5×10(6) cells that have been cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen are rapidly thawed at 37° C. and transferred to a 175 cm² tissue culture flask containing 50 ml of growth media and then incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. The growth media is replaced every 2-3 days until the flask became 90% confluent, typically in 5-7 days. To passage and expand the cell line, a 90% confluent flask is washed with 10 ml of room temperature phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the cells are disassociated by adding 5 ml 1× Trypsin-EDTA (Invitrogen) and incubating at 37° C. until the cells detached from the surface of the flask. To inactivate the trypsin, 5 ml of growth media is added and then the contents of the flask are centrifuged to pellet the cells. The supernatant is aspirated and the cell pellet is resuspended in 10 ml of growth media and the cell number determined using a hemocytometer. Approximately 1-3×10(6) cells per flask are seeded into 175 cm² flasks containing 50 ml of growth media and incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. When the flasks reach 90% confluence, the above passaging process is repeated until sufficient cells are obtained for implantation into mice.

Seven to eight week old, female Crl:CD-1-nuBR (nude) mice are obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass., USA). Animals are housed 4-5/cage in micro-isolators, with a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle, acclimated for at least 1 week prior to use and fed normal laboratory chow ad libitum. Studies are conducted on animals between 8 and 10 weeks of age at implantation. To implant EMT6 tumor cells into nude mice, the cells are trypsinized as above, washed in PBS and resusupended at a concentration of 10×10(6) cells/ml in PBS. Using a 27 gauge needle and 1 cc syringe, 0.1 ml of the cell suspension is injected subcutaneously into the flank of each nude mouse.

Tumors are then permitted to develop in vivo until the majority reached 75-125 mm³ in tumor volume, which typically required 1 week following implantation. Animals with oblong, very small or large tumors are discarded, and only animals carrying tumors that display consistent growth rates are selected for studies. Tumor volumes (V) are calculated by caliper measurement of the width (W), length (L) and thickness (T) of tumors using the following formula: V=0.5236×(L×W×T). Animals are randomized into treatment groups so that each group has median tumor volumes of ˜100 mm³ at the start of dosing.

To formulate compounds of the invention in DRD, a stock solution of the test article is prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount of the compound in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by sonication in an ultrasonic water bath. A solution of 20% Cremophore RH40 (polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; BASF Corp., Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany) in 5% dextrose in water (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., USA) is also prepared by first heating 100% Cremophore RH40 at 50-60° C. until liquefied and clear, diluting 1:5 with 100% D5W, reheating again until clear and then mixing well. This solution is stored at room temperature for up to 3 months prior to use. To prepare a DRD formulation for dosing, the DMSO stock solution is diluted 1:10 with 20% Cremophore RH40. The final DRD formulation for dosing contains 10% DMSO, 18% Cremophore RH40, 3.6% dextrose, 68.4% water and the appropriate amount of test article.

Tumor-bearing animals are given a single intravenous (i.v.) bolus injections of either DRD vehicle or a compound of the invention formulated in DRD, both at 10 mL per kg body weight. Then, 4-24 hr after drug treatment, tumors are excised, cut in half and fixed overnight in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. Each tumor is embedded in paraffin with the cut surfaces placed downwards in the block, and rough cut until a complete section is obtained. From each tumor, 5 μM serial sections are prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Slides are evaluated manually using light microscopy with a 10×10 square gridded reticle. The percentage of necrosis in a tumor is quantified at 200× magnification by scoring the total number of grid squares containing necrosis and the total number of grid squares containing viable tumor cells.

It is expected that compounds of the invention will rapidly increase cell necrosis after injection (e.g. single bolus injection of 25 mg/kg body weight) relative to baseline necrosis observed in vehicle treated tumors, as would be expected for a vascular targeting mechanism of action. Such rapid onset of necrosis is consistent with there being a loss of blood flow to tumors resulting in hypoxia and tumor cell death.

Example 8 Vascular Disrupting Activities in a Nude Mouse Tumor Model

The mouse mammary carcinoma cell line, EMT6 (ATCC #CRL-2755), is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va., USA). The cell line is cultured in growth media prepared from 50% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (high glucose), 50% RPMI Media 1640, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% 100× L-glutamine, 1% 100× Penicillin-Streptomycin, 1% 100× sodium pyruvate and 1% 100× MEM non-essential amino acids. FBS is obtained from ATCC and all other reagents are obtained from Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Approximately 4-5×10⁶ cells that have been cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen are rapidly thawed at 37° C. and transferred to a 175 cm² tissue culture flask containing 50 mL of growth media and then incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. The growth media is replaced every 2-3 days until the flask became 90% confluent, typically in 5-7 days. To passage and expand the cell line, a 90% confluent flask is washed with 10 mL of room temperature phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the cells are disassociated by adding 5 mL 1× Trypsin-EDTA (Invitrogen) and incubating at 37° C. until the cells detach from the surface of the flask. To inactivate the trypsin, 5 mL of growth media is added and then the contents of the flask are centrifuged to pellet the cells. The supernatant is aspirated and the cell pellet is resuspended in 10 mL of growth media and the cell number determined using a hemocytometer. Approximately 1-3×10⁶ cells per flask are seeded into 175 cm² flasks containing 50 mL of growth media and incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. When the flasks reach 90% confluence, the above passaging process is repeated until sufficient cells have been obtained for implantation into mice.

Seven to eight week old, female Crl:CD-1-nuBR (nude) mice are obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass., USA). Animals are housed 4-5/cage in micro-isolators, with a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle, acclimated for at least 1 week prior to use and fed normal laboratory chow ad libitum. Studies are conducted on animals between 8 and 10 weeks of age at implantation. To implant EMT6 tumor cells into nude mice, the cells are trypsinized as above, washed in PBS and resusupended at a concentration of 10×10⁶ cells/mL in PBS. Using a 27 gauge needle and 1 cc syringe, 0.1 mL of the cell suspension is injected subcutaneously into the flank of each nude mouse.

For the Evans Blue dye assay, tumors are permitted to develop in vivo until the majority reach 40-90 mm³ in tumor volume (to minimize the extent of tumor necrosis), which typically require 4-6 days following implantation. Animals with visibly necrotic, oblong, very small or very large tumors are discarded and only animals carrying tumors that display consistent growth rates are selected for use. Tumor volumes (V) are calculated by caliper measurement of the width (W), length (L) and thickness (T) of tumors using the following formula: V=0.5236×(L×W×T). Animals are randomized into treatment groups so that at the start of dosing each group have median tumor volumes of ˜125 mm³ or ˜55 mm³ for the Evans Blue dye assay.

To formulate compounds of the invention for dosing, the appropriate amount of compound is dissolved in 5% dextrose in water (D5W; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., USA). Vehicle-treated animals are dosed with D5W.

To conduct the Evans Blue dye assay, tumor-bearing animals are dosed with vehicle or test article at 0 hr, and then i.v. injected with 100 μL of a 1% (w/v) Evan's Blue dye (Sigma #E-2129; St. Louis, Mo., USA) solution in 0.9% NaCl at +1 hr. Tumors are excised at +4 hr, weighed and the tissue disassociated by incubation in 50 μL 1N KOH at 60° C. for 16 hr. To extract the dye, 125 μL of a 0.6N phosphoric acid and 325 μL acetone are added, and the samples vigorously vortexed and then microcentrifuged at 3000 RPM for 15 min to pellet cell debris. The optical absorbance of 200 μL of supernatant is then measured at 620 nM in a Triad spectrophotometer (Dynex Technologies, Chantilly, Va., USA). Background OD₆₂₀ values from similarly sized groups of vehicle or test article-treated animals that have not been injected with dye are subtracted as background. OD₆₂₀ values are then normalized for tumor weight and dye uptake is calculated relative to vehicle-treated tumors.

To examine the vascular disrupting activity of a compound of the invention, the Evans Blue dye assay is employed as a measurement of tumor blood volume (Graft et al., Eur J Cancer 36:1433-1440, 2000). Evans Blue dye makes a complex with serum albumin by electrostatic interaction between the sulphonic acid group of the dye and the terminal cationic nitrogens of the lysine residues in albumin. The dye leaves the circulation very slowly, principally by diffusion into extravascular tissues while still bound to albumin. Albumin-dye complex taken up by tumors is located in the extracellular space of non-necrotic tissue, and intracellular uptake and uptake in necrotic regions is negligible. The amount of dye present in a tumor is a measurement of the tumor blood volume and microvessel permeability.

Compounds of the invention are expected to result in substantially decreased tumor dye uptake relative to vehicle-treated animals. Such a decrease in dye penetration into the tumor is consistent with there being a loss of blood flow to tumors due to blockage of tumor vasculature, consistent with a vascular disrupting mechanism of action.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting in any way. 

1. A method of inhibiting tubulin polymerization in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and R₂ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided that R₂ is not an unsubstituted phenyl.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is in a subject and tubulin polymerization is inhibited in the subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the compound is represented by formula (V):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 4. A method of treating or preventing a proliferative disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and R₂ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided that R₂ is not an unsubstituted phenyl.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the compound is represented by formula (V):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IA):

wherein: R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m), —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)YR^(z), —C(O)NH—R^(aa), or —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁); R^(y) is —H or lower alkyl; R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R^(aa) is an amino acid residue or an amino acid residue analog; Y is CH₂, O, or NH; R^(z) is Alk-NH₂, Alk-C(O)OH, Het, or Y₁; Alk is an optionally substituted alkylene; Het is an optionally substituted heteroalkyl; Y₁ is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than 60,000 daltons; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is an integer from 1 to 10; and q is 0 or
 1. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound is represented by formula (VA):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₈, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IA):

wherein: R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m), —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)YR^(z), —C(O)NH—R^(aa), or —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁); R^(y) is —H or lower alkyl; R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R^(aa) is an amino acid residue or an amino acid residue analog; Y is CH₂, O, or NH; R^(z) is Alk-NH₂, Alk-C(O)OH, Het, or Y₁; Alk is an optionally substituted alkylene; Het is an optionally substituted heteroalkyl; Y₁ is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than 60,000 daltons; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is an integer from 1 to 10; and q is 0 or
 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is represented by formula (VA):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₈, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IB):

wherein: R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the compound is represented by formula (VB):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₈, for each occurrence, is independently, —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IB):

wherein: R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound is represented by formula (VB):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₈, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 14. A method of blocking, occluding, or otherwise disrupting blood flow in neovasculature, comprising contacting the neovasculature with an effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and R₂ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided that R₂ is not an unsubstituted phenyl.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the neovasculature is in a subject and blood flow in the neovasculature is blocked, occluded, or other otherwise disrupted in the subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is represented by formula (V):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₇ and R₈, for each occurrence, are, independently, —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IA):

wherein: R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m), —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)YR^(z), —C(O)NH—R^(aa), or —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁); R^(y) is —H or lower alkyl; R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R^(aa) is an amino acid residue or an amino acid residue analog; Y is CH₂, O, or NH; R^(z) is Alk-NH₂, Alk-C(O)OH, Het, or Y₁; Alk is an optionally substituted alkylene; Het is an optionally substituted heteroalkyl; Y₁ is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than 60,000 daltons; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is an integer from 1 to 10; and q is 0 or
 1. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound is represented by formula (VA):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₈, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IB):

wherein: R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the compound is represented by formula (VB):

wherein: one of R_(i) or R_(j) is —H and the other is represented by the following formula:

X₁ and X₂ are each, independently, CH or N; R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are each, independently, halo, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteraralkyl, cyano, nitro, guanadino, a haloalkyl, a haloalkoxy, a heteroalkyl, —OR₇, —NR₁₀R₁₁, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —C(O)NR₁₀R₁₁, —NR₈C(O)R₇, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SR₇, —S(O)_(p)R₇, —OS(O)_(p)R₇, —S(O)_(p)OR₇, —NR₈S(O)_(p)R₇, or —S(O)_(p)NR₁₀R₁₁; R₈, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R₁₀ and R₁₁, for each occurrence, are independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; or R₁₀ and R₁₁, taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or
 2. 21. A method of treating or preventing macular degeneration in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, and prodrug thereof, wherein: one of R_(a) or R_(b) is —H and the other is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and R₂ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl, provided that R₂ is not an unsubstituted phenyl.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IA):

wherein: R^(x) is (R^(aa))_(m), —R^(aa)—C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OH, —C(O)YR^(z), —C(O)NH—R^(aa), or —(R^(aa))_(q)C(O)(Y₁); R^(y) is —H or lower alkyl; R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl; R^(aa) is an amino acid residue or an amino acid residue analog; Y is CH₂, O, or NH; R^(z) is Alk-NH₂, Alk-C(O)OH, Het, or Y₁; Alk is an optionally substituted alkylene; Het is an optionally substituted heteroalkyl; Y₁ is a water soluble polymer with a molecular weight less than 60,000 daltons; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is an integer from 1 to 10; and q is 0 or
 1. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound is represented by formula (IB):

wherein: R^(w) is —H, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, cyano, a haloalkyl, an alkoxy, a haloalkoxy, a halo, an amino, an alkylamino, a dialkylamino, —OP(O)(OR₇)₂, —SP(O)(OR₇)₂, nitro, an alkyl ester, or hydroxyl; and R₇, for each occurrence, is independently —H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, or an optionally substituted heteraralkyl. 